Edwin Hubble :: essays research papers

Edwin Hubble was a man who changed our view of the Universe. In 1929 he showed that galaxies are moving away(predicate) from us with a stronghold relative to their distance. The explanation is simple, but revolutionary the Universe is expanding. Hubble was born in Missouri in 1889. His family moved to Chicago in 1898, where at High prepare he was a promising, though not exceptional, pupil. He was more remarkable for his athletic ability, breaking the Illinois State high jump record. At university too he was an accomplished sportsman playing for the University of Chicago basketball team. He won a Rhodes scholarship to Oxford where he studied law. It was only some time by and by he returned to the US that he decided his future lay in astronomy. In the early 1920s Hubble played a key role in establishing just what galaxies are. It was kn proclaim that some spiral nebulae (fuzzy clouds of light on the night sky) contained individual stars, but there was no consensus as to whether t hese were relatively small collections of stars deep down our own galaxy, the Milky Way that stretches right across the sky, or whether these could be separate galaxies, or island universes, as big as our own galaxy but much unless away. In 1924 Hubble measured the distance to the Andromeda nebula, a faint patch of light with about the same apparent diameter as the moon, and showed it was about a hundred thousand times as far away as the nearest stars. It had to be a separate galaxy, comparable in size our own Milky Way but much further away. Hubble was able to measure the distances to only a handful of other galaxies, but he realised that as a rough guide he could take their apparent brightness as an indication of their distance. The speed with which a galaxy was moving toward or away from us was relatively easy to measure due to the Doppler shift of their light. Just as a sound of a racing car becomes lower as it speeds away from us, so the light from a galaxy becomes redder. Th ough our ears can hear the change of pitch of the racing car engine our eyes cannot detect the tiny red-shift of the light, but with a sensitive spectrograph Hubble could determine the redshift of light from distant galaxies. The observational data available to Hubble by 1929 was sketchy, but whether guided by inspired instinct or outrageous good fortune, he correctly divined a straight line fit between the data points showing the redshift was proportional to the distance.

Affirmative Action :: essays research papers

AFFIRMATIVE ACTIONI. We didnt land on Plymouth Rock, my brothers and sisters Plymouth Rock get on us Malcolm Xs observation is brought out by the facts of American History. Snatched from their native land, transported thousands of miles in a nightmare of disease and death and sell into slavery, blacks were reduced to the legal status of farm animals. Even after emancipation, blacks were segregated from whites in some states by law, and by social practice almost everywhere. American apartheid continued for another century. In 1954 the Supreme Court declared state-compelled segregation in schools unconstitutional, and it followed up that decision with others that struck down many forms of official segregation. Still, favouritism survived, and in most southern states blacks were either discouraged or prohibited from exercising their right to vote. Not until the 1960s was compulsory segregation finally and utilely challenged. Between 1964 and 1968 Congress passed the most sweepin g civil rights legislation since the end of the Civil War. It banned discrimination in employment, public accommodations (hotels, motels, restaurants, etc.), and housing it also guaranteed select rights for blacks in areas suspected of disenfranchising blacks. Today, several agencies in the federal government exercise sweeping powers to enforce these civil rights measures.But is that enough? Equality of condition among blacks and whites seems as elusive as ever. The black unemployment rate is double that of whites, and the percentage of black families living in poverty is nearly four times that of whites. besides a small percentage of blacks ever make it into medical school or law schools.Advocates of affirmative action have focused upon these differences to support their descent that it is no longer enough just to stop discrimination. Liberal Democrats feel that the damage done by three centuries of racism now has to be remedied, they argue, and effective remediation requires a policy of affirmative action. At the heart of affirmative action is the use of numerical goals. Opponents call them racial quotas. Whatever the name, what they imply is the background signal aside of a certain number of jobs or positions for blacks or other historically oppressed groups. Conservative Republicans charge that affirmative action really amounts to set aside discrimination, that it penalizes innocent people simply because they are white, that it often results in unqualified appointments, and that it ends up harming instead of helping blacks.The issue of preferences to address historical patterns of racial, ethnic, and gender discrimination has received a great deal of attention nationally.

Essay --

When you knew how to speak, what was your first word ? It is Mom. We have grown up in the arms of our mothers. We have grown up in the great cacoethes of our mothers. No one loves us like our mothers, no one is willing to sacrifice everything for us like our mothers. If someone asks you Who is the best woman in your disembodied spirit ?, I bet you will narrate it is your mother. And if someone asks me like that, my answer also is my mother.With me, my mother is the best woman in the world. No one advise replace her in my heart. I admire my mother, I dont know why she is always busy with periodic chores, taking care of my family but she never say she is tired.Every day, she is the first person in my family, who wakes up very early. Then, she makes breakfast for my family. When my father goes to work, I go to school, my mother stays home and does all the daily chores. When my father and I come home, there is always a delicious dinner, which is waiting for us. After the dinner, my mom washes the dishes. Sometimes, I ask her to help, but she says It is fine, you should go upstairs and do your homework. Mo...

The Missing Screw Essay example -- essays research papers

The Turn of the Screw by Henry James can be interpreted in two main ways as a psychological thriller or a ghost story. In the book, the central character and one of the narrators, the governess, has convinced herself that the children, Miles and Flora, ar seeing apparitions. Another explanation is that she herself created these images through her madness. The governess desires so much to be loved that she drives herself insane. The author also does a good job of convincing the proofreader that the ghosts of Miss Jessel and Peter Quint are real. Yet, I believe differently. There are many clues that allude to the fact that the governess is having a psychological break conquer do to the fact that she is lonely and yearns to be loved. I will discuss the clues that lead me to this conclusion in this paper.At the beginning of the book, during her first interview, the governess job is describe as, a vision of serious duties and little company, of really great loneliness (28). This quote proves to me that the governess job required very little social interaction. This gives her a roundabout of time for her mind to wander. Also during the interview the governess becomes physically attracted to the uncle. She uses words like handsome and pleasant to describe him. The governess is beginning to fall for the uncle, but when he leaves she finds herself only when again. There is no one around since she is so isolated at Bly. She now begins to create the first of the ap...

Terror Management Theory Essay -- Psychology, Anxiety, self-esteem

Terror management theory (TMT) asserts that human beings have natural tendency for self-preservation if there is threat to ones wellbeing (Greenberg, Solomon, & Pyszczynski, 1997). It notes that we argon the cultural animals that pose self-awareness on the concept of past and future, as well as the understanding that one day we will die. We concern about our life-time and death but aware that it is unexpected by everything. The worse matter is that we become aware of our vulnerability and helplessness when facing death-related thoughts and ultimate demise (Pyszczynski & Greenberg, 1992). The necessary death awareness or mortality salience provides a ground for experiencing the existential terror, which is the overwhelming concern of peoples mortality and existence. In align to avoid the continued existence of threats, people need faith in a relatively affirmative and plausive cultural worldview and meaning of life (Greenberg, Pyszczynski, & Solomon, 1995). ethnic worldview is a pe rceptual construction in the society which explaining the origins of life and the existence of afterlife. We have to invest a set of cultural worldviews by ourselves that are adapted to provide meaning, stability and order to our lives and to offer the promise of death transcendence (Solomon, Greenberg, & Pyszczynski, 2004). On the other hand, we hold a belief that one is living up to the standards of value prescribed by that worldview and social norm shared by a group of people. This belief is derived by self-esteem of individual. We maintain the perception and convinced(p) that we are fulfilling the cultural prescriptions for value in the society and are thus eligible for some form of personal immortality (Landau & Greenberg, 2006). We Together with the assump... ... and death-thought accessibility which are typically evoked by mortality reminders (Greenberg et al., 1993). The research further stated that self-esteem and death awareness are high interdependent with each other a nd the self-esteem-anxiety-hypothesis. For TMT, A second line of support for the terror management function of self-esteem comes from tests of the mortality salience hypothesis which is another hypothesis derived from TMT. Similar to the anxiety-buffer hypothesis, it states that temporarily change magnitude the accessibility of death-related thought self-esteem provides protection from mortality concerns, and hence individuals will then intensify their efforts to bolster and defend self-esteem. In sum, convergent evidence supports the contain that self-esteem functions as a buffer against mortality concerns (Pyszczynski, Greenberg, Solomon, & Maxfield, 2006).

Technology Essay -- essays research papers

technology is a knowledge of using tools and machines to do tasks more efficiently. We use technology to control the world we live in. Since the fine art of making fire and creating handcrafted tools, our civilization has come a long way. Science and Technology are making advances at an astonishing rate. From telephones to the Internet, calculators to computers, cars to rockets and satellites, we are part of a new world of discoveries and inventions made possible by Science. Fields like Medicine and communications have changed our cultures and our lifestyles. The technology that surrounds almost everyone in the modern society, affects both work and recreational activities. Technology is one of the principal driving forces of the future it is transforming our lives and shaping our future at incomparable rates in history. Technology is perpetually changing, and advancing.Many different elements affect how satisfied we are with our lives. The impact of technology on these elements c an change how safe, healthy and happy concourse feel. Throughout history, people have looked for better ways to meet their needs and to satisfy their expectations. Technology has improved the way people feed, clothe and shelter themselves. Technology has also changed other(a) aspects of everyday life, such as health care, education, job satisfaction, and leisure time activities.People have used technology since they first chipped stone blades to improve their hunting. almost people call this current age the "Technological Age" because of societys dependence on technology. For the first time in human history, almost all the goods and service people use depend on technology. The products of technology are available to almost everyone in society. The economy of a coun quiz influences how the people of the county live. Technology is practically considered the key to a nations economic produce. Many economists think that if technology sparks growth in one division of the eco nomy in the form of increased productivity, growth will also occur in other division of the economy. Jobs may be lost in one industry, such as agriculture however new jobs may emerge in other parts of the economy. There may be more jobs or, in some case, completely new kinds of jobs. Technology may also be used to solve urgent problems. Our growing population is using up infinite supplies of natural resources. Innovations in te... ...king new ones. For example, when scientists went to Africa in search of a cure for a disease, they came back with monkeys that were contaminated with the Emboli virus. Today in Russia, there are military bases where Russian scientists are creating thousands of germs and viruses to use in germ warfare. These germs and viruses are capable of killing thousands of people instantly. Technology can be used against us as well, and everyday doctors and military personnel try to come up with ways to cure or destroy human life.As technology continues to advance and society moves "forward", people continue to target for more. In conclusion, technology continues to advance at a rapid rate. This quest to understand the ways in which our surroundings work has led to many scientific discoveries and innovations. The more we learn and develop the faster the rate of technology is. With these advances come more technological problems that arouse a demand for more new scientific knowledge. Because of all the advances in technology that have already taken place in our past we can now explore and research new ideas, cures in medical fields, in communications, and new forms of transportation.

National Food Marketing Report Essay

Pakistan is kat oncen for spice in the world, as it has brought several complete continental taste from India later independence. discipline Foods is the leading sub continental rule masala gild of Pakistan with distinct market share as compare to the competitors. national Foods began its journey in 1970 as a Spice company, with a revolutionary product that popularized the concept of having clean, healthy solid pabulum. subject foods initiatives were, to make food that is hygienic, reduce time spent in the kitchen by women, foster health and provide towards personal attractiveness, so that people who use our products would be able to experience a more rewarding manner-style. This was long before the phrase Corporate complaint had even been invented. However, founders philosophy remains unchanged over time. Even if their language and the notion of however women doing the housework have become outdated, in this age of promptly changing lifestyles, fuel take by the rampant development of technology consumers are compelled to alter their eating habits.National Foods responds to this ch wholeenge of developing innovative food products based on convenience and quick preparation in line with modern lifestyles and yet retains traditional values through and through its diverse collection of food products. In a history that now crosses three decades, National Foods success has been influenced by the major events of the day economic boom, depression, wars, changing consumer lifestyles and technological advancements.Even after three decades the companys focal point still remains on customers needs through product development in line with the changing market trends. COMPANY PHILOSOPHY National Foods moldiness focus on customers needs and serve them with quality products at affordable prices at their doorsteps. Our products must be pure and conform to multinational standards. Our research must continuously produce new adventurous products scientifically teste d, hygienically produced in safe and attractive packaging. We must create environment in our offices and factories where talents are groomed and have opportunity to advance in their careers.We must come up to be recognized as good corporate citizens, suffer good causes-charity and bear fair share of taxes. Reserves must be built, new factories created, adept pro live ons made and fair dividend paid to our stock holders through building a reliable defacement. National Foods Ltd. must get itself recognized as leader in Pakistan and abroad. With the help of almighty God, the company can achieve its targets in years to come. VISION STATEMENT The vision of National Foods Ltd. is To be a Rs.50 billion food company by the year 2020 in the convenience food segment by ensnareing products and services in the domestic and international markets that enhance lifestyle and create value for our customers through management excellence at all levels. BUSINESS PRACTICES NFL believes in conduct ing its operations with strong ethical and lesson standards. NFLs statement of recruit of conduct & business practices aims to provide guidance on carrying out its business related decisions and activities. We wish to achieve excellence in all spheres of our operations for which code of conduct form the basis.Any party entering any form of contract with NFL is bound to comply with the given guidelines. NFLs statement of code of conduct & business practices has the following seven guidelines 1. Unfair Means Any use of bribery, kick patronizes or any form of payment in cash/ variety to obtain business related or otherwise gainful benefit for the company is strictly prohibited. Excessive business gifts and cheer also hold the analogous meaning and NFL does not approve of such payments. 2. Respect and Integrity NFL believes in giving respect to individuals.We aim to operate in a manner that discourages discrimination, molestation and/or influence. Discrimination refers to favoritis m based on a particular aspect of an individual personality. 3. Conflict of Interest NFL prohibits actions that are in conflict with the company business interests. This may include but is not limited to providing assistance to the contestation or holding ownership interests in a customer, supplier, distributor or competitor and making personal gains at company expense. 4. Confidentiality NFL believes in confidentiality of information related to company business activities.The company expects employees not to disclose or queer by any means the confidential and commercially sensitive information except to the authoritative personnel requiring it. 5. Statutory Compliance NFL believes in providing total support and cooperation to all the governmental and regulatory bodies irrespective of the extent of prevalent enforcement. 6. Financial Integrity NFL believes in complete compliance with the accepted ciphering rules and procedures. This includes but is not limited to Transparency NFL discourages any illegal activity for the purpose of any benefit to the company or others.All information supplied to the stake holders and/or auditors must be authentic & transparent and Disclosure All transactions must be fully disclosed and must be for the purpose stated for. 7. Health, galosh and Community Responsibility NFL is fully committed to safety, health and responsibility towards environment and community.All activities of NFL must portray responsibility towards the community and nation as a whole. NFL seeks to employ procedures that are safe, healthy and environment friendly. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS This year brought a series of challenges and transformation for the gross revenue Team.As the magnitude of the socio-political upheavals increased in the country, the gross revenue Team was not only determined to face all the adversities, in the face of the law and order situation, but also introduce valuable changes which would be favorable for the overall growth and developm ent of the company. In spite of the prevailing conditions of strikes, shutter downs and political turmoil, the Sales Team delivered its targets. In certain key categories equivalent chemical formula and salt, we even over delivered. These categories have a significant impact in volume growth and bottom line as wholesome.The Channel peculiar(prenominal) approach implemented is beginning to yield results, where the Sales Team capitalized on the market gross sales potential in areas of Public Account, Local Modern Trade, world-wide Modern Trade, Food Service Division, Special stratum and General Trade. Sales growth in Public Accounts (USC-CSD) has more than doubled this year. In Special Category Management (SCM), sales of salt was at an all time postgraduate. The 2013 environment was once again challenging on account of deteriorating law and order situation, in high spirits inflation, counterfeits and energy shortages.However, in the wake of such challenges, we delivered 20% s ales growth (Volume 15%) with an expediency in trading operating margin and EPS growth thereby demonstrating the value of strong alignment of our people behind our strategic priority to become Rs. 50bn business by 2020. Strong presence in international markets is at the core of our vision statement and in line with our aspiration we established a subsidiary in Dubai NFL DMCC to chant our export operations and plan to shape up more subsidiaries in Europe and North America soon.The sustained business growth that we have evidenced in National Foods as well as strategic alignment provides framework for accelerated innovation, increased engagement with consumers and enhanced operational and financial capabilities. This will enable us to remain fit to win in more intense environment in future. Pakistan is the part of sub-continent, which is known for the high spicy foods and National Foods is the leading recipe masala of the country. But National Foods face tough competition from the founder of the recipe masalas in the country that is Shan Foods Recipe Masalas.National Foods has contrastive food categories and in each category they faced different competitors. National Foods started their operations with Jam, Jelly, Marmalades and Pickles and became a major competitor to Michelles and Ahmed Foods. National Foods are perceived as Pioneer in Ketchups and Sauces by competing with Shezan and now Shangrilla too. Following is the SWOT Analysis and Matrix as per National Foods Strategy Formulation Strengths Cultural Image Developer Largest Food Exporter High advert Budget worldwide Recognition.Weakness High Pricing Strategy Limited Products Conventional Packing Stuck with Tradition Opportunities High Food Entertainment Fond to International Tastes Multi-Cultural Lifestyle Technological Communication SO Strategy National Foods should introduced International Recipes WO Strategy Associate National Foods Brands with Interactive Social Media Threats increase Dine-in H angout Low Priced Masala Brands Ready-to-Eat Food Availability Chefs TV Demonstrations ST Strategy Sponsored the Cookery Shows on Leading Food TV Channels in Pakistan WT Strategy.Cobranding the National Foods with Leading Fast Food Chains for building association Proposed and Designed by Afnan Khan OLD VERSUS NEW BRAND logotype OLD LOGO For over 40 years, weve been known as the one brand women all over Pakistan count on, but just like people grow and change, were growing too. And now its time for a change. Every year were growing bigger, brighter, more global, and our NFL spirit of adventure which has been the energy behind each new and innovative product is now the encouragement behind our new logo.The new Pakistani homemaker is feisty and vibrant and our new image is dower her feel just as we have generations of food lovers feel completely at home. NEW LOGO At NFL, freshness is what keeps us going. We keep life updated with new recipes, new products, and now weve got ourselv es a Transformed logo. As with everything we do, we took a careful look at what we had, kept the best of the past, and introduced elements that were exciting, appealing, and yet always authorized to our soul. Were still caring, optimistic, and reliable and now were livelier than ever beforeMARKETING MIX Product Categories National Foods Limited has Fourteen Product Categories 1. Chinese 2. Desserts 3. Health foods 4. Jams 5. Ketchups 6. Pickles 7. Raj masala National Foods Recipe Masalas are the high revenue generated product, competing with Shan Foods shoulder by shoulder. National Foods launched Rivaaj Pastes in last decade and have acclaimed response from the market by having a competitive advantage in product line. National Foods Chinese Recipes are pressured by the Knorrs Chinese Recipes and failed to recover estimated targets.National Foods Ketchups are the followers in the market despite of being founder in the ketchup industry because of Shangrillas Chinese flavored ketch ups. National Foods other product category of Pickles are the second most sales generated product and successfully beating the competing brands of Ahmed Foods and Shangrilla. National Foods launched Fruitily instant drinks around four years back but failed to receive the customers response because of mismanaged distribution and high advertising of competing brand of Tang Fruit Juices. Product Growth as per National Foods Annual Report 2013Recipe Mix National Recipes sales grew by 25. 2% go on establishing its market leadership. Gross margin correctd, thereby further beef up the financial health of this important category. The National Recipe Princess contest was conducted in fifty colleges across six cities in Pakistan targeting college going female students. The Karachi Special launch was a laser focused activity to cater to Karachi by launching the recipe mixes keeping in mind the Karachi taste palette. Ketchup The Sauces Category record star performance of 39.6% growth underp inned by highly successful consumer offering of Ketchup and Chat Masala Combo Pack during peak seasonal full stop of Ramazan. Gross margin also improved significantly in this category. In addition to well-planned and tightly orchestrated advertising and promotional force, penetration, availability and visibility provided the brand fuel for growth to register impressive growth. Fruitily Despite strong competitive environment in this category, Fruitily recorded 5. 6% growth, gained market share with noticeable improvement in Gross margin.As this is new addition to National Foods portfolio, we will continue to invest in this category to accelerate growth for the future. Salt Sales grew by 26. 5% with Gross margin improving significantly thereby delivering healthy bottom line. This category has significant potential on health computer program as it serves the human bodys requirement for Iodine. Pickles The category grew by 18%, despite stiff competition. However, Gross margin was dil uted on account of higher material cost as we did not pass on inflationary pressure to consumers.The manufacturing process has been redesigned to fully exploit the potential of automation and further upgrade the safety standards. Pricing Strategy National Foods launched their brands with penetrating marketing strategies especially for Masala Recipes, Pickles, Jams but found to be involved in skimming dodge for their brand Rivaaj. National Foods Masala Recipes are following the same pricing of Shan Recipes Masalas, but after the recent launching of Mehran Recipe Masalas and Nice Recipe Masalas at high priced strategy, National Foods are counted as on the skimming pricing.As National Foods are following the international quality standards with high marketing budgeting, they compel to be on their well settled prices instead of getting down, but to tackle the competition raised by Mehran Recipe Masalas and Nice Recipe Masalas, National Foods introduced Sachet at half price. Distribution al Sales Force The National Foods sales team has also made a significant development toward rural penetration and reporting through a dedicated Rural Development Force (RDF). RDF has extended its operations up to 370 uncovered rural settlements and expanded its distribution to more than 4,000 outlets.To improve our distribution operations in Balochistan, they have appointed Muller and Phipps (M&P), which is expected to enhance our sales performance in this geography. They have also taken initiatives to position IT solutions to maximize the benefit of information management in sales. A new software was implemented across Pakistan with key distributors to capture information on veritable time basis that will assist NFL to take quick action, provide analysis and assist in decision making. Promotional Activities National Foods is pioneer in developing state of the art promotional ideas in the food industry of Pakistan.Due to extra ordinary creative marketing and advertising campaigns , National Foods is perceived on the priority level as compare to their direct competitor i. e. Shan Foods in recipe masalas. Following are the leading marketing and advertising campaign Rang Bharti Jao National Recipes celebrated its vivid persona with a two minute TVC, bursting with colors, emotions and sensorial shots of rich home-cooked food. In the background, the majestic voice of Tina Sani singing Rang Bharti Jao added to the surreal discreetness of the video.The Rang Bharti Jao campaign was a swell success, as it won over the hearts of consumers due to its emotional appeal, and impressed the jury at the PAS awards. The amazing response led to National Recipe acquiring the Best Campaign Award in the Culinary Category. Karachi Special Launch After National Recipes great success, the Marketing Team was set out to cater to Karachi by launching recipe mixes especially made keeping in mind Karachi taste palettes. These recipe mixes have five different variants that are fierier a nd more flavourful to accommodate and satisfy the bold taste buds of Karachiites.Campaigning for these special recipe mixes was also in full throttle with a TVC, hoardings and a massive BTL campaign, where the NFL float would go to different apartments and cook for the people there (trial activity). Moreover, Chef Saadat in support of National Foods would go to the float and cook for consumers all across Karachi. All this information was shared on our Facebook page for added chaw. The Karachi Special Launch was a great stepping-stone for the brands aspirations of having long-term National Recipe loyalists in Karachi.National Ketchup Campaign National Ketchup experienced a huge boost in sales due to creative campaigns that coined the product as 100% tomatoes, making it synonymous with real tomatoes. Consumers highly appreciated the pre-emptive organic link to freshness and made the campaign, which ran on ATL and POS, very effective. The campaign also supported Ramadan season, which provided added exposure. National Recipe Princess Hundreds of college students were given a chance once again by National Foods to showcase their culinary skills.The National Recipe Princess contest was conducted in fifty colleges across six cities in Pakistan, with the aim of searching talented young girls who have a expressive style for cooking to compete for the title of Recipe Princess. This activation was highly successful as electronic media and digital media (Facebook page) gave it a huge boost. College students could keep track of the competition through photos, maps of the contest route, and group discussions and comments, resulting in colossal exposure of over a million views of the competition nationwide.Celebrity guest judges were also invited to the competitions for added hype and brand publicity creating the ideal recipe for success National Pickles Campaign The attempt to reinvent the brand image of National Pickles proved to be a great success. The aim was to reposi tion it as a happening brand with an added zing, along with highlighting the pure, delicious and rich ingredients that make National Pickles the best. From the hummable tune to piquant food shots and sensational ingredient shots, the campaign spoke to audiences of all ages, and increased the number of National Pickles fans in no time.National Ka Pakistan Pakistans culinary sort and vivid culture are its joy and pride. National Foods sent out televisions renowned Chef Saadat on an exciting journey to discover the culinary gems hidden in the countrys nooks and crannies. Being the first ever attempt by a food company to create exciting casual content that reflects the rich fusion of tradition and taste, this series was an attempt to showcase a safer and softer image of Pakistan along with highlighting Pakistans unparalleled love for food.The episodes were expose on 9 channels and were heavily supported by digital media as well. The show attained top ten ratings on news and entertai nment channels, making it incredibly popular. National Ka Pakistan also bagged the prestigious Passion for Pakistan Award in the PAS awards 2012, triggering overwhelming success. Taste Of Pakistan National launched Taste of Pakistan, a unique cookery book that captured Chef Saadats journey from National ka Pakistan, and also celebrated Pakistans wonderful cuisine with 50 mouth-watering recipes from all across Pakistan.The response to this book was exceedingly positive because of the fact that the informative cookbook was not only a source for scrumptious recipes, but also a travel log, which helped consumers discover different regions of Pakistan and their delectable cuisines. Facebook Page Support By creating a presence on Facebook through the brand page, National Foods was able to interact with consumers on a practically more consumer-friendly forum. It encouraged engagement as National Foods fans could now be updated about all the latest launches, BTL, contests, recipes, among st other activities.Likes skyrocketed from a mere 15,000 to 60,000 within only eight months which resulted in an increase in the National Foods fan following, while setting sails to rising success for the brand. One-Minute Recipes In the fast-paced world of todays times, people are always looking for quick solutions to everything. Taking the growing digital users as a base, National Foods launched the first ever one-minute video recipe cards in Pakistan. These one-minute videos were the quickest way to view a recipe with ease, and therefore, they gained a great deal of popularity, especially among the younger audience.The videos are now forthcoming on Google Play for Android cell-phone users too. To date, these videos have been viewed more than 55,000 times and the application software has been downloaded more than 6,000 times, thereby demonstrating its success. NATIONAL FOODS AS LEADING EXPORTER BThe wide area of National Foods products enjoys unparalleled acclaim across the worl d as we believe in providing nothing but the best. National Foods products are famous globally for their freshness, taste, hygiene and value for money.Providing you the exotic taste of Pakistan, National Foods products are distributed in over 35 countries in 5 continents, through our strategic partners. And with our continuous success, we are rapidly making inroads into new markets worldwide. NATIONAL FOODS IN COMMUNITY Commitment to CSR has been a part of the NFL strategy since its inception. Different initiatives reflecting our values are undertaken to give back to the familiarity that has supported our business throughout the years. At NFL, we believe that CSR starts with providing the highest quality of products and services at the least cost and with the least environmental impact.From this foundation, our CSR aspirations continue to grow, incorporating processes and activities that aim to strengthen society and ensure sustainable social delivery. Sustainability underlines th e foundation for NFLs business endeavors, where we especially engage in strategic social investments, working to empower and arrest communities. The CSR Mission of National Foods is Our CSR commitments must reflect all facets of our corporate personality NFL as a manufacturer, an employer, a consumer in itself and as an industry leader. We uphold these commitments through our values, policies and our practices.

Is Coalition Government Here to Stay?

Context In many democratic countries, such as Germany, France, India, Israel and Italy, governmental sympathies by a concretion of political parties is considered normal. Often in such countries there are many political parties with a significant level of popular support in elections. This means no one party usually can gain more than than 30% of the seats in the parliament or national assembly, so it is necessary for several(prenominal) parties to come together to form a viable government, generally under the premiership of the leader of the largest party involved.In other states, such as the UK, USA and Japan, there are fewer significant political parties and coalitions are rare, as after an election a winning party is able to form an effective government without any help from others. This debate is closely related to issues of voting reform, as countries with some form of proportional representation tend to have more political parties in parliament than those that use a firs t-past-the-post system, and so are more likely to have coalition governments. Arguments Pros Cons coalition government is more democratic, and hence fairer, because it represents a much broader spectrum of public opinion than government by one party alone. In almost all coalitions, a majority of citizens voted for the parties which form the government and so their views and interests are represented in political decision-making. Coalition government is actually less democratic as the balance of power is inevitably held by the subtle parties who can barter their support for concessions from the chief(prenominal) groups within the coalition.This means that a party with little popular support is able to impose its policies upon the majority by a process of political blackmail. Possible examples of this cleverness include the role of religious parties in Israel, the Greens in Germany and France, and the demand of constitutional reforms by the Lib Dems in the UK as their price of coal ition support in a future hung parliament. Democracy may be further undermined if the process of coalition-making is subject to the whim of a monarch or president, able to decide who to ask to attempt to form a government, whether to call new elections, etc.Coalition government creates a more honest and dynamic political system, allowing voters a clearer choice at election time. In countries where coalition government is very rare, such as the UK or USA, the main parties straddle a wide spectrum of opinion and can be seen as coalitions of competing interest groups and ideologies. At elections, however, such parties present themselves, perhaps fraudulently, to voters as united rump extra views and policies, whereas in power their internal divisions may have a serious, and often unseen, impact upon decision-making.In countries with coalition governments the greater number of political parties gives the voter a more honest choice and brings differences of opinion out into the open fo r debate. It is also easier for parties to split, or new ones to be formed, as new political issues assign opinion, because new parties still have a chance of a share in political power. Coalition government is less transparent. Because a party has no real chance of forming a government alone, the manifestos they present to the public become irrelevant and often wildly unrealistic.Real decisions about political programmes are make after the election, in a process of secretive back-room negotiation from which the public is excluded. This undermines account capability, as voters cannot expect individual parties in a coalition to deliver upon their particular manifesto promises, unlike the single-party governments in the USA and UK. Accountability is also absent when a coalition government falls, either after an election or through and through the defection of some of its supporters.Any new administration ordain tend to include most of the parties and politicians from the previous go vernment, with just a little shuffling of coalition partners and ministerial jobs. Coalitions provide good government because their decisions are made in the interests of a majority of the people. Because a wide consensus of opinion is involved, any policy will be debated thoroughly within the government before it is implemented. Single-party government is much more likely to impose badly thought-out policies upon parliament and people, perhaps for narrowly ideological reasons (for example, the poll tax in the UK).When difficult or historic decisions have to be taken, for example in wartime, or over an issue such as membership of the European Union or NATO, the consent of politicians representing a wide range of interests and opinion is important in committing the surface area and its people to difficult notwithstanding necessary courses of action. Coalitions provide bad government because they are unable to take a enormous-term view. Sometimes an ideological compass is necessar y for governments to navigate in difficult political and economic waters, and coalitions lack such a unifying philosophy.In addition planning for the long-term often requires decisions to be made that are unpopular in the short-term. Coalitions often fail such tests because temporary unpopularity may encourage one of the parties involved to defect, in search of a populist advantage. It might be agreed that sometimes exceptional circumstances, such as war, require a coalition government (although the USA did not have one in either World War). This does not mean that such governments are better in normal conditions.Major constitutional decisions are better dealt with through referenda. Coalition government provides more continuity in administration. In countries without a tradition of coalition governments, parties can remain in government or opposition for long periods, and an adversarial political culture develops. When a change does occur, the members of the new administration seld om have any experience of government to draw upon, and often embark upon a wholesale reversal of the previous regimes policies neither of these things is in the public interest.In states with coalition politics, however, there are usually at to the lowest degree some ministers with considerable experience under the previous government. A more consensual style of politics also allows for a more gradual and positive shift of policy between administrations. Coalition governments are very unstable, often collapsing and reforming at frequent intervals Italy, for example, averages more than one government per year since 1945.This greatly restricts the ability of governments to deal with major reforms and means that politicians seldom stay in any particular ministerial post for long enough to get to grips with its demands. At the analogous time, this squabbling between political parties erodes the confidence of the public in their political system and in their elected representatives. Finally, evern forming coalitions can take so long that a country may drift along for months with caretaker governments that lack authority both the Czech Republic and Belgium took over six months to negotiate new governing coalitions after their stretch forth elections.

Essays: Political Philosophy and New York Essay

Course Rationale The root word provides an understanding of evolution and transformation of supranational relations as a discipline. It tries to look at issues in international relations from a thematic backdrop by trying to address pitch and continuity in the same. From a conceptual background, the composition identifies principal actors and rough of the processes that are key to coetaneous international relations. Course limit Lectures 1. Nature and chain of mountains of planetary Relations Understanding internationalist Relations, Evolution of the discipline, Its interdisciplinary nature.(10) 2. Approaches and Theories of internationalist Relations Classical and Scientific Realism and Idealism, Neo cock-a-hoop and Neo Realist. (14) 3. Actors in International Relations relegate and State System, State and Globalisation and Non-State (International NGOs & MNCs) (12) 4. War and Conflict Nature and Causes Traditional & Non- Traditional Threats to society, Changing nature o f conflict(14) PS 7 western semi policy-making Thinkers (Plato to John Locke) Course RationaleThe paper seeks to provide a critical understanding of the main philosophical themes in westward governmental judgement as represented by select thinkers from the early Greek period to the modern period. It emphasizes on both the life and works of the thinkers linking it to the dominant paradigms of the time. Course Content Lectures 1. Plato Life and works the Republic Justice, Education, Communism, Philosopher King Rule of Law. (10) 2. Aristotle Life and works State Classification of Governments, Revolution Citizenship Family and Property Slavery Education. (10) 3.Niccolo Machiavelli Life and works benignant Nature, Prince Religion and government Government Realism. (10) 4. Thomas Hobbes Life and works Social Contract, Sovereignty. (10) 5. John Locke Life and works Social Contract supposition Sovereignty pictorial Rights Theory of Consent, Right to rebel. (10) PS 8 INDIAN ADMINIS TRATION Course Rationale This course would enable students to understand and analyse the structural and organizational modeling of the Indian judicatory. It does this by focusing on both the evolution of the public services and the reforms that are required in a liberalizing era. Course Content Lectures 1.Indian Administration Integrity and Transparency, Forms Causes and remedies of Administrative Corruption, Offices of Lokpal and Lokayuta, Right to Information Act 2005. (13) 2. Planning and Administration Socio economic objectives of planning, Planning Commission, National Development Council, Decentralised planning. (13) 3. radical common Services Education, Health, Sanitation, and Housing. (Case studies) (12) 4. ameliorateing mankind Administration Good Governance, Privatization and Competition. (12) Readings for PS 5 & PS 8 1. humanity Administration and globe Affairs, Nicholas Henry 8th edition 2.Public Administration A Avasthi and S. R. Maheshwari 3. Administrative i n Changing beau monde Bureaucracy & Politics in India C. P. Bhambri. 4. Public Administrative A. R. Tyagi 5. Public Administration N. B. P. Sharma 6. juvenile Public administration F. A.. Nigro and L. S. Nigro 7. Introduction to the study of Public administration N. O. White 8. Indian administration S. S. Maheshwari 8. P. H. Appleby, Policy and Administration, Alabama University of Albama Press, 1957. 9. A. Avasthi and S. R. Maheswari, Public Administration, Agra, Lakshmi Narain Aggarwal, 1996.10. D. D. Basu, Administrative Law, spic-and-span Delhi, Prentice Hall, 1986. 11. C. P. Bhambri, Administration in a Changing Society Bureaucracy and Politics in India, Delhi Vikas, 1991. 12. M. Bhattacharya, Public Administration Structure, Process and Behaviour, Calcutta, The demesne Press, 1991. 13 . , Restructuring Public Administration Essays in Rehabilitation, peeled Delhi,Jawahar, 1999. 14. M. E. Dimock and G. O. Dimock, Public Administration, Oxford, IBH produce Co. , 1975. 15. Administrative Vitality The Conflict with Bureaucracy, brisk York, Harper, 1959. 16. E. N.Gladden, The Essentials of Public Administration, London, Staples Press, 1958. 17. J. M. Gaus, A Theory of Organization in Public Administration, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1936. 18. J. La Palombara (ed. ), Bureaucracy and political Development, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1967. 19. S. R. Maheshwari, Administrative Theories, juvenile Delhi, Allied, 1994. 20. S. R. Nigam, Principles of Public Administration, Allahabad Kitab Mahal, 1980. 21. F. A. Nigro and L. S. Nigro, red-brick Public Administration, new-fashioned York, Harper and Row, 1984. 22. O. Glenn Stahl, Public Personnel Administration, late York, Harper & Brothers, 1956.23. D. Waldo (ed), Ideas and Issues in Public Administration, revolutionary York, Mc Graw Hill, 1953. 24. N. D. White, Introduction to the Study of Public Administration New York, Macmillan, 1955. PS 9 International Institutions and I ssues Course Rationale The course specifically deals with some of the key international institutions and themes that have guided international relations in the recent times. It tries to look at both the organizational and policy issues relating to the institutions and seeks to bring surface the concerns from a developing country perspective. Course Content Lectures 1.International and Regional Institutions IMF & WB, WTO, SAARC & EU (14) 2. Diplomacy old and new, diplomatic immunities & privileges changing Nature of Diplomacy (12) 3. UN Structure, functions & Reform (10) 4. Contemporary International Concerns Terrorism, Environment and Refugees (14) Readings for PS 6 & PS 9 1. Axelrod, The Evolution of Co-operation, New York, Basic Books, 1984. 2. A. Baldwin (ed. ), Neo-realism and Neo-liberalism, New York, Columbia University Press,1993. 3. (ed. ), Paradoxes of Power, New York, Basil Blackwell, 1989.4. Bennett (ed.), nuclear Weapons and the Conflict of Conscience, New York, Char les cribners Sons, 1962. 5. D. G. Brennan (ed. ), Arms Control, Disarmament and National gage, New York, George Braziller, 1961. 6. C. Brown, International Relations Theory, London, Harvester Wheatsheaf, . M de Bueno and D. Lalman, War and Reason Domestic and International Imperatives,New Haven CT, Yale University Press, 1992. 7. H. Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, New York, Praeger, 1961. 8. , The Anarchical Society A Study of differentiate in World Politics, London, Macmillan,1977. 9. S. Burchill et. al., Theories of International Relations, Hampshire, Macmillan, 2001. 10. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Year Crisis, London, Macmillan, 1939. 11. , Conditions of Peace, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1944. 12. I. Claude, Power and International Relations, New York, Random House, 1962. 13. K von Clausewitz, War, Politics and Power Selections, Chicago, Henry Regnery Company, 1962. 14. A. A. Couloumbis and J. H. Wolf, Introduction to International Relations Power and Justice,New York, Pr aegar, 1989. 15. W. D. Coplin, Introduction to International Politics, Chicago, Markham, 1971 K. W.Deutsch, The abstract of International Relations, New Delhi, Prentice Hall, 1989. 16. J. E. Dougherty, How to think about Arms Control and Disarmament, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1962 17. and R. L. Pfaltzfraff, Jr. , Contending Theories of International Relations, Philadelphia, 18. J. B. Lippincott Co. , 1970. 19. W. Epstein, Disarmament 25 years of Effort, Toronto, Canadian land of International Affairs, 1971. 20. , The Last Chance Nuclear Proliferation and Arms Control, New York, The Free Press, 1976. 21. R. A. Falk, Law, Morality and War in the Contemporary World, New York, Frederick A Praegar, 1963.22. , Legal Order in a Violent World, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1968. 23. H. W. Forbes, The Strategy of Disarmament, Washington DC, Public Affairs Press, 1962. 24. J. Frankel, The Making of Foreign Policy, London, Oxford University Press, 1963. 25. , Contemporary Inter national Theory and the Behaviour of States, New York, Oxford University Press, 1973. 26. J. Galtung, The original Worlds A Transnational Perspective, New York, The Free Press, 1980. 27. F. I. Greenstein and N. W. Polsby, Theory of International Relations, Reading Massachusetts,Addison-Wesley, 1979. 28. S.H, Hoffman (ed. ), Contemporary Theory in International Relations, Englewood Cliifs NJ, Prentice Hall, 1960. 29. S. H. Hoffman, Essays in Theory and Politics of International Relations, Boulder Colorado, Westview Press, 1989. 30. K. J. Holsti, Why Nations Realign, London, Allen and Unwin, 1982. 31. , The Dividing Discipline, Boston, Allen and Unwin, 1985. 32. , Peace and War Armed Conflicts and International Order 1648-1989, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991. 33. A. Hurrell, Collective Security and International Order Revisited International Relations,Vol. II, No. 1, April.34. C. W. Kegley and E. R. Wittkopf, World Politics Trends and Transformation, New York, St. Martin s Press, 1995. 35. G. Kennan, Morality, Politics and Foreign Policy in The Virginia Papers on the Presidency, edited by K. W. Thompson, Washington, University Press of America, 1979, pp. 3-30. 36. , The Nuclear Delusion, New York, Pantheon Books, 1982. 37. R. O. Keohane, afterwards Hegemony Cooperation and Discord in the World political Economy, 38. Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1984. 39. (ed. ), Neo-realism and Its Critics, New York, Columbia University Press, 1986. 40., International Institutions and State Power, Boulder Colorado, Westview Press, 1989. 41. and E. Ostrom (eds. ), Local Commons and Global Interdependence Heterogeneity and Co-operation in Two Domains, London, Sage, 1994. S. D. Krasner (ed. ), International Regimes, Ithaca NY, Cornell University Press, 1983. 42. H. D. Lasswell, World Politics and Personal Insecurity, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1953. 43. L. L. Martin, Coercive Cooperation Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1992. 44. H. J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, 6th edn. , revised by K.W. Thompson, New York, Alfred Knopf, 1985. 45. F. S. Northedge, The International semipolitical System, London, Faber and Faber, 1976. 46. W. C. Olson and A. J. R. Groom, International Relations Then and Now, London, HarperCollins Academic, 1991 and M. Onuf, The growth of a discipline reviewed in International Relations, edited by S. Smith, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1985. 47. R. E. Osgood and R. W. Tucker, Force, Order and Justice, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press,1967. 48. E. Ostrom, regime the Commons The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990. 49. K.A. Oye (ed. ), Co-operation Under Anarchy, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press,1986. 50. N. D. Palmer and H. Perkins, International Relations, Calcutta, Scientific Book Company,1971. 51. W. H. Riker, The Theory of semipolitical Coalitions, New Haven CT, Yale University Pres s, 1962. 52. B. Rivlin, Regional Arrangements and the UN System for Collective Security, International Relations, Vol II, No. 2, August. 53. A. Roberts, The UN and International Security, Survival, Vol 35, No. 1, Spring. 54. J. N. Rosenau, International Studies and the Social Sciences, Beverly Hills atomic number 20 and London, Sage, 1973.55. , World Politics An Introduction, New York, The Free Press, 1976. 56. M. P. Sullivan, Theories of International Politics unchanging Paradigm in a Changing World,Hampshire, Macmillan, 2001. 57. V. Van Dyke, International Politics, Bombay, Vakils, Feffer and Simons, 1969. 58. J. A. Vasquez, The Power of Power Politics, London, Frances Pinter, 1983. 59. , The War Puzzle, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993. 60. S. P. Verma, International System and the Third World, New Delhi, Vikas, 1988. 61. K. N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, Reading Massachusetts, Addison- Wesley, 1979.62. , The Emerging Structure of International Politics, International Security, 18, 1993,pp. 44-79. 63. A. Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962. PS 10 westerly Political Thinkers (Rousseau to Marx) Course Rationale The course seeks to win a critical understanding of the main philosophical themes in western Political thought as represented by selected thinkers primarily from the modern period. It emphasizes on their life and works and their major theoretical and philosophical contributions. Course Contents Lectures 1.Jean Jacques Rousseau Life and works Social Contract Theory Theory of oecumenical Will Popular Sovereignty. (10) 2. Edmund Burke Life and works Conservative Philosophy State Revolution Blend of Liberalism and Conservatism. (10) 3. James Stuart Mill Life and works conversancy Representative Government and Democracy Individualism. (10) 4. George Wilhelm Fredrick Hegel Life and works record Dialectic Idealist Theory. (10) 5. Karl Marx Dialectical Materialism Interpretation o f History Theory of Surplus foster Class War Dictatorship of the Proletariat Classless society (10).Readings for PS 7 & PS 10 1. J. W. Allen, A History of Political Thought in the Sixteenth one C, London, Methuen, 1967. 2. A. Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics and Lockes Two Treatises of Government, London, Allen and Unwin, 1986. 3. , Lockes Two Treatises of Government, London, Unwin and Hyman, 1987. 4. A. Avineri, The Social and Political Thought of K. Marx, New Delhi, S. Chand and Co. , 1979. 5. Sir E. Barker, The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle, New York, capital of Delaware Publications,1959. 6. , Greek Political Theory Plato and His Predecessors, New Delhi, B.I.Publications, 1964. 7. , The Politics of Aristotle, translated with introduction, notes and appendix, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995. 8. R. N. Berki, The History of Political Thought A Short Introduction, London, Dent, 1977. Sir I. Berlin, The Hedgehog and the Fox, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1953. 9. , Karl Marx His Life and Environment, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1963. 10. W. H. Bluhmn, Theories of Political System Classics of Political Thought and Modern Political Analysis, Englewood Cliffs NJ, Prentice Hall, 1965.12. J. Bowle, Western Political Thought A Historical Introduction from the Origins to Rousseau,London, Jonathan Cape, 1947. 13. , Politics and whim in the Nineteenth Century A Historical Introduction, London. Jonathan Cape, 1954. 14. C. Brinton, English Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century, London, Allen Lane, 1933. 15. J. Bronowski and B. Mazlish, Western Intellectual Tradition, Harmondsworth, Penguins, 1960. 16. K. C. Brown (ed. ), Hobbes Studies, Cambridge Massachusetts, Harvard University Press,1965. 17. J. H.Burns (ed.), The Cambridge History of Political Thought, 1450-1700, Cambridge,Cambridge University Press, 1991. 18. H. Butterfield, The Statecraft of Machiavelli, New York, Collier, 1962. 19. F. P. Canavan, The Political Reason of Edmund Bur ke, Durnham NC, Duke University Press,1960. 20. E. Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press,1932. 21. , The Myth of the State, New Haven CT, Yale University Press, 1946. 22. G. Catlin, A History of Political Philosophers, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1950. 23. F. Chabod, Machiavelli and the Renaissance, translated by D.Moore, New York, Harper and Row, 1958. 24. J. W. Chapman, Rousseau- Totalitarian or Liberal, New York, Columbia University Press, 1956. 25. A. Cobban, Rousseau and the Modern State, London, Unwin University Books, 1964. 26. J. Coleman, A History of Political Thought From Ancient Greece to too soon Christianity,London, Blackwell, 2000. 27. L. Colletti, From Rousseau to Lenin Studies in Ideology and Society, translated By J. Merrington and J. White, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1969. 28. D. Coole, Women in Political Theory From Ancient Misogyny to Contemporary Feminism, New York, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993.29. M. Cornforth, The stretch out Philosophy and the Open Society A Reply to Sir Karl Poppers Refutation of Marxism, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1968. 30. M. Cowling, Mill and Liberalism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1963. 31. M. Cranston, (ed. ), Western Political Philosophers, London, Fontana, 1964. 32. R. Crossman, Plato Today, London, Allen and Unwin, 1939. 33. M. Curtis, The Great Political Theories 2 Vols. , New York, Avon, 1961. 34. W. L. Davidson, Political Thought in England The Utilitarians from Bentham to Mill, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1957. 35. S.DeGrazia, Machiavelli in Hell, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1989. 36. P. Doyle, A History of Political Thought, London, Jonathan Cape, 1933. 37. J. A. Dunning, History and Political Theories, New York, Macmillan, 1902. 38. W. Ebenstein, Great Political Thinkers, New Delhi, Oxford & IBH, 1969. 39. J. B. Elshtain, Public Man, Private Woman Women in Social and Political Thought, Princeton 40. NJ, Princet on University Press, 1981. 41. M. B. Foster, W. T. Jones and L. W. Lancaster, Masters of Political Thought 3 Vols, London, George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd. , 1942, 1947 and 1959. 42. R. G.Gettel, History of Political Thought, New York, Novell & Co, 1924. 43. D. Germino, Modern Western Political Thought Machiavelli to Marx, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1972. 44. W. H. Greenleaf, The British Political Tradition, 2 Vols, London, Methuen, 1983. 45 A. Hacker, Political Theory Philosophy, Ideology, Science, New York, Macmillan, 1961. 46. E. Halevy, Growth of philosophical Radicalism translated by M. Morris London, Faber & Faber, 1928. 47. J. H. Hallowell, Main Currents in Modern Political Thought, New York, Holt, 1960. 48. I. W. Hampsher-Monk, Modern Political Thought from Hobbes to Marx, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1992. 49.R. Harrison, Bentham, London, Routledge, 1983. 50. I. Kramnick, The Age of Edmund Burke The Conscience of an ambivalent Conservative,New York, Basic Books, 1977. 5 1. G. Klosko, The Development of Platos Thought, London, Methuen, 1986. 52. H. J. Laski, Political Thought from Locke to Bentham, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1920. 53. P. Laslett, John Lockes Two Treatises of Government, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1960. 54. R. B. Levinson, In Defense of Plato, Cambridge Massachusetts, Harvard University Press,1953. 55. C. B.Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism Hobbes to Locke,Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1973. 56. K. Martin, French Liberal Thought in the Eighteenth Century, New York, New York University Press, 1954. 57. A. MacIntyre, A Short History of Ethics, New York, Macmillan, 1971. 58. C. C. Maxey, Political Philosophies, New York, Macmillan, 1948. 59. C. H. McIlwain, The Growth of Political Thought in the West, New York, Macmillan, 1932. 60. D. McLellan, Karl Marx The First 100 Years, London, Fontana, 1983. 61. K. R. Minogue, Hobbes Leviathan, New York, Everymans Library 1977.62. J. B. Morall, Political Thought in Medieval Times, New York, Harper Torchbooks, 1958. 63. S. Mukherjee and S. Ramaswamy, A History of Political Thought Plato to Marx, New Delhi, Prentice Hall, 1999. 64. R. G. Mulgan, Aristotles Political Theory An Introduction for Students of Political Theory,Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1977. 65. R. L. Nettleship, Lectures on Platos Republic, London, Macmillan, 1967. 66. M. Oakeshott, Hobbes on Civil Association, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1975. 67. S. M. Okin, Women in Western Political Thought, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1979. 68. C.Pateman, The Disorder of Women, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1993. 69. H. F. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1967. 70. , Fortune is a Woman Gender and Politics in the thought of Niccolo Machiavelli,Berkeley, University of California Press, 1984. 71. J. Plamentaz, Man and Society 2 Vols. , London, Longman, 1963. 72. J. G. A Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment Florentine Republic Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1971. 73. Sir K. R. Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies 2 Vols. , London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1945.74. P. Riley, Will and Legitimacy, Cambridge Massachusettes, Harvard University Press, 1980. 75. A. Ryan, J. S. Mill, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974. 76. B. Russell, History of Western Philosophy, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1961. 77. G. H. Sabine, History of Political Theory, 4th edn. , revised by T. L. Thorson, New Delhi,Oxford and IBH, 1973. 78. A. Saxonhouse, Women in the History of Political Thought Ancient Greece to Machiavelli,New York, Praegar, 1985. 79. M. L. Shanley, and C. Pateman, Feminist Interpretation and Political Theory, Cambridge, Polity, 1991. 80. M. Q.Sibley, Political Ideas and Ideologies, New Delhi, Surjeet Publications, 1981. 81. T. A. Sinclair, A History of Greek Political Thought, London, Routledge, 1951. Q. Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Though t, 2 Volumes, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990. 82. S. B. Smith, Hegels Critique of Liberalism, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1989. 83. Sir L. Stephen, History of English Thought in the 18th Century 2 Vols. , London, London School of Economics and Political Science, 1902. 84. L. Strauss, The Political Philosophy of Hobbes Its Basis and Genesis, Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1936.85. , Thoughts on Machiavelli, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1958. 86. , Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy, Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1964. 87. J. L. Talmon, The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy and Political Messianism The Romantic physical body, London, Secker and Warburg, 1960. 88. T. L. Thorson, Plato Totalitarian or Democrat, Englewood Cliffs NJ, Prentice Hall, 1963. 89. J. Tully, A Discourse on Property John Locke and his Adversaries, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980. 90. C. E. Vaughan, Studies in the History of Political Philosophy before and afte r Rousseau, 91.Manchester UK, University of Manchester Press, 1925. 92. H. Warrender, The Political Philosophy of Hobbes His Theory of Obligation, Oxford, The Clarendon Press 1957. 93. N. Warburton, J. Pike and D. Matravers, Reading Political Philosophy Machiavelli to Mill, London, Routledge in association with Open University, 2000. 94. S. Wolin, Politics and Vision Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought, Boston,Little Brown, 1960. PS 11 Indian Political Thinkers (Manu to Azad) Course Rationale The purpose of this paper is to enlighten the students about Indian thinkers from ancient to modern times.It seeks to understand their seminal contribution to the evolution of political theorizing in India. It critically assesses their contribution and explains their relevance to contemporary times Course Content Lectures 1. Manu Life & plant life Manus State, Theory of Danda, Manus Foreign Policy. (12) 2. Kautilya previous(predicate) Life & Works State craft, Diplomacy ( 12) 3. Swami Vivekananda first Life, Hinduism as a Universal Religion, Contribution to Metaphysics (08) 4. Tilak and Aurobindo Early life, Tilaks Religious ideas, Tilaks Philosophy of Reform, Political Philosophy of Tilak , Indian Extremist Nationalism.Aurobindos Early life & Works , Epistemological Foundations of Politics, Philosophy of Sate, Nation- Building (10) 5. Maulana Azad Life and Works, Political Ideas (08) PS 12 Government and Politics of Goa Pre Statehood Course Rationale The course seeks to moot the students an insight into pre-colonial & post colonial institutions in Goa. It provides the historical background and political evolution in Goa leading from the liberation to the pre state-hood period, focusing on both political leaders and the parties. Course Content Lectures 1. Goa -A Historical Overview Gaunkari system, Portuguese Colonialperiod, Salazarist Dictatorship & Struggle for liberation. (10) 2. Issues of Transition Integration of Goa Ist Assembly Elections, Controversy over Political Future, Opinion poll. (10) 3. Emergence & growth of Political Parties Indian National Congress, Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party, United Goans Party, Bharitiya Janata Party, Assembly Elections 1963-1984. (12) 4. Goan Politics Union Territory Phase I Bandodkar Government Consolidation of Institutions, Phase II Shashikala Government Erosion of Bahujan Politics, Phase III Rane Government Emergence of National Parties.(18) PS 13 COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT (Governments of U. K, U. S. A, Russia, China, Switzerland & France) Course rationale This paper studies the major constitutions of the world by adopting a comparative approach. The constitutional and legal provisions, the ideological basis, the institutional arrangement and their social and economic background are to be explained, analyzed and evaluated critically. The comparative perspective enables the students to understand the differences and similarities between the various constitutional arrangements. Course Content Lectures.1) Importance of relative Government and Politics Approaches to the study of Comparative Politics Systems Approach, Structural & Functional Approach, Marxist Approach. (12) 2) Constitutions Evolution and Nature (U. S. A , U. K & CHINA) (10) 3) Executive Prime Minister & Cabinet(U. K), President and Cabinet (U. S. A), President and State Council(China), Plural Executive (Switzerland ), Presidential and Parliamentary Executive(France and Russia). (14) 4) Legislature Parliament(UK) , Congress (USA), National Peoples Congress(China), relationship with the Executive in terms of separation of powers.(14) PS 14 Indian Political Thinkers (Gokhale to Ambedkar) Course Rationale The Course seeks to familiarize students with the major contributions of the key modern Indian political thinkers. It focuses on their life and work and outlines their key political and philosophical ideas that shaped modern India. Course Rationale Lectures 1. G. K. Gokhale Early life & Work ,Polit ical Thought (08) 2. Mahatma Gandhi Early life & Works , Idealism & Ethics, Philosophy of Politics, Swaraj & Satyagraha. (12) 3. Jawaharlal Nehru Early life & Works, Political Ideas, Panchaseel, Socialism & Secularism (12).4. M. N. Roy Early Life & Works, Roys views on the Russian Revolution & Marxism Radical Humanism & Scientific Politics. (10) 5. B. R. Ambedkar Early life & Works , Sociological and Political views, Abdedkar & the Dalits (08) Readings for PS 11 & PS 14 1. A. S. Altekar, State and Government in Ancient India, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1966. 2. A. Appadorai, Documents on Political Thought in Modern India, 2 vols. Bombay Oxford University Press, 1970. 3. J. Bandhopadhyaya, Social and Political Thought of Gandhi, Bombay, Allied, 1969. 4. J. V.Bondurant, Conquest of Violence The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict, Berkeley,University of California Press, 1965. 5. D. M. Brown, The White Umbrella Indian Political Thought from Manu to Gandhi, Berkeley,University of Califo rnia Press, 1953. 6. R. J. Cashman, The Myth of the Lokmanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharasthra, 7. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1975. 8. B. Chandra, Nationalism and Colonialism in Modern India, Delhi, Vikas, 1979. 9. K. Damodaran, Indian Thought A Critical Survey, London, Asia Publishing House, 1967. 10. T. de Bary, Sources of Indian Tradition, New York, Columbia University Press, 1958. 11. D. G.Dalton, Indias Idea of Freedom Political Thought of Swami Vivekananda, Aurobindo Ghose, Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore, Delhi, Academic Press, 1982. 12. A. R. Desai, Social Background of Indian Nationalism, Bombay, Popular, 1954. 13. R. P. Dutt, India Today, Calcutta, Manisha, 1970. 14. A. T. Embree (ed. ), Sources of Indian Tradition from the Beginning to 1800, India, Penguin Books, 1991. 15. S. Ghose, The Renaissance to martial Nationalism, Bombay, Allied Publishers, 1969. 16. , Socialism, Democracy and Nationalism in India, Bombay, Allied Publishers, 1973. 17. , Modern Indian Political Thought, Delhi, Allied, 1984.18. U. N. Ghoshal, A History of Indian Political Ideas, London, Oxford University Press, 1959. 19. J. P. Haithcox, Communism and Nationalism in India M. N. Roy and Comitern Policy, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1971. 20. S. Hay, Sources of Indian Tradition Modern India and Pakistan, India, Penguin Books, 1991. 21. C. Heimsath, Indian Nationalism and Social Reform, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1964. 22. R. Iyer, The Moral and Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi, Delhi, Oxford University Press,1973. 23. K. P. Jayaswal, Hindu Polity, Calcutta, Butterworth, 1924. 24. K. N.Kadam (ed. ), Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, New Delhi, Sage, 1992. 25. R. P. Kangle, Arthashastra of Kautilya, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1965. 26. M. J. Kanetkar, Tilak and Gandhi A Comparative Study, Nagpur, Author, 1935. 27. V. B. Karnik, M. N. Roy Political Biography, Bombay, Jagriti, 1978. 28. K. P. Karunakaran, Modern Indian Political Tradition , New Delhi, Allied Publishers, 1962. 29. , Religious and Political Awakening in India, Begum Bridge, Meenakshi Prakashanm 1969. 30. , Indian Politics from Dadabhai Naoroji to Gandhi A Study of Political Ideas of Modern India, New Delhi, Gitanjali, 1975.31. , Gandhi- Interpretations, New Delhi, Gitanjali Publishing House, 1985. 32. D. G. Karve, and D. V. Ambedkar, Speeches and Writings of Gopal Krishna Gokhale,Bombay, Asia, Publishing House, 1966. 33. U. Kaura, Muslims and Indian Nationalism, New Delhi, Manohar, 1977. 34. V. P. Luthra, The Concept of Secular State and India, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1964. 35. V. R. Mehta, Foundations of Indian Political Thought, New Delhi, Manohar, 1992. 36. B. B. Majumdar, Militant Nationalism in India and Its Socio-Religious Background 1897-1917, Calcutta, General Printers, 1960. 37. M.Mohanty, Revolutionary Violence A Study of the Marxist Movement in India, New Delhi,Sterling, 1977. 38. S. Mukherjee, Gandhian Thought Marxist Interpretation , New Delhi stocky & Deep, 1991. 39. B. R. Nanda, Gokhale, Gandhi and the Nehrus Studies in Indian Nationalism, London, Allen and Unwin, 1974. 40. , Gandhi and His Critics, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1985. 41. J. Nehru, Discovery of India, London, Meridian Books, 1956. 42. G. Omvedt, Dalits and the participatory Revolution Dr. Ambedkar and the Dalit Movement in Colonial India, New Delhi, Sage, 1994. 43. G. D. Overstreet and M.Windmiller, Communism in India, Bombay, Perennial, 1960. 44. T. Pantham, and K. Deustch (eds. ), Political Thought in Modern India, New Delhi, Sage, 1986. 45. B. Parekh, Colonialism, Tradition and Reform Analysis of Gandhis Political Discourse, New Delhi, Sage, 1989. 46. and T. Pantham (eds. ), Political Discourse Exploration in Indian and Western Political Thought, New Delhi, Sage, 1987. 47. S. Radhakrishnan, Eastern Religion and Western Thought, London, Oxford University Press,1940. 48. Swami Ranganathananda, Swami Vivekananda His Humanism, Moscow Sta te University Lecture, Calcutta, Advaita Ashram, 1991. 49. N. R.Ray (ed. ), Raja Rammohan Roy A Bi-centenary Tribute, Calcutta, Asiatic Society,1975. 50. D. P. Roy, Leftist Politics in India M. N. Roy and the Radical Democratic Party, Calcutta,Minerva, 1989. 51. S. H. Rudolph and L. I. Rudolph, Gandhi- The Traditional Roots of Charisma, Chicago,University of Chicago Press, 1983. 52. J. Sarkar, India Through the Ages A Survey of the Growth of Indian Life and Thought,Calcutta, M. C. Sarkar and Sons, 1928. 53. S. Sarkar, Bengal Renaissance and Other Essays, New Delhi, Peoples Publishing House, 1970. 54. B. S. Sharma, The Political Philosophy of M. N. Roy, Delhi, National Publishing House, 1965.55. J. Spellman, The Political Theory of Ancient India, Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1964. 56. A. Tripathi, The Extremist Challenge, Bombay, Allied, 1967. 57. V. P. Verma, Studies in Hindu Political Thought and Its Metaphysical Foundations, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1974. 58. S. A. Wolpert, Til ak and Gokhale, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1962. 59. G. Woodcock, Mohandas Gandhi, London, Fontana, 1971. PS 15 Government and Politics of Goa Post Statehood. Course Rationale This course seek to provide an understanding of the evolution of the political processes , structures & social.

Knight in Medieval Times

A knight in medieval levels is normally recognized as an equipped combatant at the service of the lord or king. Knight was considered a symbol of chivalry and an epitome of bravery in the medieval times. He was regarded as the most skilled person in the art of fighting who worked under the lord and was subjected to his orders and instructions in every affair of life. His leisure time activities were similarly intrepid in personality and he remained involved in fearless games like duels. He used to possess best Arabian do of horses that had no match in Europe.The close association of the knight and his horse is clearly shown by the titles by which we was known throughout Europe in France he was a Chevalier, in Italy a Cavalier, in Spain a Caballero, and in Germany a Ritter, from the word meaning to ride. Even the name for the code by which the knight was later on bound, Chivalry, derives from the French Cheval. (The Origins of The Knight) Knight was the production of a practi cal necessity of keeping men of valor and strength to keep the territories and states safe against internal and external threats.That arm knights later became a part of nobility due to the growth and extension of military power and their importance in the affairs of the states. Over a period of five hundreds years, in addition to knights military duties and obligations, their socio-political importance led to three other strategic changes regarding their status in the socio-ethnical set-up. This was the steady advancement of knights as a fortunate and advantaged, inherited group.Secondly, a code of chivalry developed naturally that customized and legitimized their code of conducts and elaborated and elevated them to an exclusive social position as a martial privileged class that developed itself into an nobility. The Knights was bound by socio-cultural convention to follow a code of chivalry. This chivalrous was a counter-effective to expression of his violent nature during battle s and wars. Code of chivalry used to be no document system of conduct but it was customary set of rules based on morality and cultural compulsions.Chivalric qualities of an ideal knight during the middle ages under this code are best described in Song of Roland. It reflects that a Knight should be God fearing who could parcel out his lord in every thick and thin. He must defend the feeble and frail and must abstain himself from giving unnecessary offense to others. He must not fight for his own financial or social gains but for the wellbeing of all.Song of Roland says in this regard A knight should have much(prenominal) valour,/ Who bears arms and sits astride a good horse./ In battle he should be strong and fierce,/ Or else he is not worth four pence. / He ought rather to be a monk in one of those monasteries/ And pray all day long for our sins (Song of Roland, laisse 141)Duke of Burgundy recognizes some important characteristics and personality traits of a chivalrous knight. Th e words he chose to use to describe the virtues that should be exhibited in the Knights Code of Chivalry were as follows Faith, Charity, Justice, Sagacity, Prudence, Temperance, Resolution, Truth, Liberality, Diligence, Hope, Valour.(The Middle Ages Website) So these characteristics of knight were manifestations societal expectations closely the code of conduct of knight. Beside all these chivalrous qualities, he was expected to be brave and skillful enough to shows his valor and strength at the battlefield. Another manifestation of chivalrous characteristics was brotherhood at arms. Among the gentler features of chivalry may be reckoned the beautiful institution of brotherhood in arms, by which two knights vowed faith to each other.The brothers in arms wore the same arms and clothes, mingled their blood in one vessel, and received the Sacrament together. They engaged to support each other in battle and in all quarrels, and to have the same friends and enemies. (Knights in Middle Ages) This not only unified the knights of one state but their vows to each other used to attach their strength and confidence. Courtly love was another important development that was directly associated with knight and knighthood. It was one of the most celebrated activities of Knights that is romanticised to a great extent by the medieval literature.Courtly love was eulogized and was considered a noble passion. This form of romantic passion is depicted differently by Chaucer. In his era, the medieval era, relationship between brothel keeper and a knight took the form of courtly love and was labeled as a noble passion coupled with chivalry and gallantry. In renaissance, love was also considered an ennobling phenomenon but we see concept of romantic and exalted love that has nothing to do with knightly and chivalrous qualities. Chaucer writes about one of the most important activities for a Knight wasTo love my lady, whom I love and serve/ d evere shal, til that myn herte sterve. (The Knights Tale) Courtly love is not depicted an immodest and lewd phenomenon by Chaucer but it is praised occasionally. Chaucer further shows certain other fine qualities of the contemporary culture pertaining to courtly love. For example, in Knights Tale male devotee were never usurpers. Following the tradition of courtly love, both knights, Palamon and Arcite disclosed their love for the lady and requested her hand.Both are broken al day for love in ech degree. (The Knights Tale)This clearly manifests that culture and value of time pertaining to courtly love strongly prohibited forced love. Furthermore, it shows the individual integrity and honesty inwardly the community. It was knights integrity and honesty that did not let them to deceive their lady-love and adopt a proper way to court the lady. This indirectly depicts the rationality level of the people in general and nobility in particular.Loyalty and equality were other ingredients of the courtly love that portrays the values and traditions of the society as a whole. Although Middle Ages literature highly romanticize the characteristics of a knight and elevated their characters but many knights were unable to live upto these standards. Chaucer depicts in Canterbury Tales (Wife of Baths) the story of knight who raped a lady. This was highly against chivalrous code. As Chaucers tales are considered as the mirror image of his contemporary era, so this story was a reflection of the prevailing socio-cultural situations.In another medieval story, Sir Gawain and The colour Knight, we also find some knights who are coward and are not as good as knight Gawain. So it is obvious that not all knights were chivalrous. preceding(prenominal) arguments and supported evidence clearly manifest that medieval knight were well-mannered, gracious and towering personalities. Their indulgence in courtly love was not a libidinous affair but it was a based on mutual attraction and admiration was purely a refined and pa ssionate activity that was accepted and ratified by social norms.Works CitedChaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. New York Penguin Classics. 1996.Goldin, Frederick. The Song of Roland. New York Norton, 1978.Gravett, Christopher. The World of the Medieval Knight. Peter Bedrick Books. New York. 1996.Medieval Spell. Knights in Middle Ages. 12 November 2008 .The Middle Ages Website. Knights Code of Chivalry. 12 November 2008 .The Origins of The Knight. 12 November 2008 .

On Distance Learning Essay

Distance rearing represents a way of teaching with geographically dispersed undivideds and groups. Moore related that as azoic as 1978, regular mail service was used to aid distance reading, but the advent of the internet brought new and exceptional dimensions to the world of distance raising (10). It offered access to geographically and physically separated individuals to courses and instruction in a more interactive modality through increased education, interactivity among participants, and incorporation of collaborative pedagogical models.But even with the increasing number of courses and degrees delivered entirely online, and the number of supporters this type of education has gained, some(prenominal) still express opposition to it as against the traditional schoolroom education. Former college teacher James Barszczs is one well-known critic of distance education. He strongly asserts in his essay that distance learning cannot sue the true purpose of education. The diffu sion of the Internet worldwide has literally changed the traditional structure of the school, and, as it can be noticed from the previous examples, it is doing in many different ways that are more and more interesting.It must not be forgotten, of course, that parents keep on worrying about the fact their childrens opinions are circulating all over the world and that this could mean danger and repression for them. These anxieties, however, cannot erase the advantages coming from the introduction of this new technology into the educational are, most importantly, of bringing education to everyone. But what is the true purpose of education, really?In its most basic sense, I strongly believe that the essence of education is to instill in an individual the cap index to make out at the world for oneself, to generate ones own choices, to declare what is black or what is white. In whatever manner this education may come from, it is still learning and discovering about new things that help s hape a person into what he is. Distance learning has brought a remarkable means of delivering this education to students in rural or remote areas, so that they make take advantage of continuing learning and give them the ability to schedule learning at times convenient to them.Not only that, a great number of distance education programs cater to the requirements of a divvy up of diverse people of all ages, sexes, occupations, learning backgrounds and health conditions. Granted that personal contact which is very important in effective education is missing with this course of education, but as is the situation with all new technologies, there are negative and positive aspects to distance learning. Many instructors, as well as students of distance education miss this. Distance learning can admittedly be lonely sometimes.There is always a price to pay, whether it be big or small. Although this is the case, steps could be done to assuage this drawback. Encouraging students to share som ething about themselves is one activity that can at least give all participants the looking that they know something about their colleague and the professor. Additionally, many courses are well supported and, for students who are unable to attend residential events, there are usually opportunities for students to move into in online discussion groups, clubs and societies.It would be noteworthy to point out that for distance learning to be effective, a conducive learning environment needs to be created and maintained. Considerable thought and effort should go into the criteria required for setting-up learning centers and how these criteria would be put into practice and monitored. If this would be followed, distance education, with an extensive record of providing learning to unusual and distant learners, will become the effective, mainstream method of education and training that advocates claim it to be.In a world where continuous learning is a must, distance education has paved the way for everyone to have access to the educational system without having to physically go to school. Discipline is needed, of course, but it is one value that even traditional tuition teaches students to have. In the end, distance education can only provide a win-win situation for everyone involved in it.

Strawberry DNA Extraction Lab Formal Write Up

Purpose This lab was conducted in order to show and analyze the demeanor DNA is extracted.Hypothesis If the lab is conducted properly then we should be able to view a visible amount of DNA from the strawberry and detergent diversity.Variables The independent variant in this experiment is the strawberry mixture while the dependent variable is the amount of DNA extracted.Procedure-summary Place a strawberry in a bendable baggy filled with the detergent mix and crush the strawberry, mixing the pulp with the detergent mix thoroughly, pour the detergent mixture into the funnel. Let the liquid from the mixture drain into the beaker then add the ethanol to the mixture.DataObservations- The ethanol sat on top of the detergent due to its lighter density. Bubbles started rising as soon as the ethanol was added durn turning the liquid cloudy. The DNA grouped rapidly, taking no longer than two to three minuets total before slowing down and be to stop grouping. The DNA itself looked like sp utum or phlegm, and was easily extracted from the mixture and sticky to the touch. When the DNA was extracted from the test tube and the mixture was stirred, more DNA started to lay in at the top.Analysis-As the strawberry is physically mashed into the detergent the cells are broken down and opened. The ethanol is else dense than the mixture and draws the now accessible DNA to the surface where it is viewable.-In analyse the root of strawberry DNA compared to human DNA, given a sample of the same amount of cells, there would be more DNA extracted from the strawberry for it has eighter from Decatur sets of chromosomes while humans just have two sets.-In real world situations DNA extraction would be used in something as complex as a murder investigation, in which DNA would have to be extracted to match a perpetrator to the evidence, or as simple as a pregnancy test.-A single cotton thread can not be seen from 100 feet away, but thousands of cotton threads together in a rope would be visible. The same applies to DNA in this experiment. A single double helix is hard to view even with the most complex of microscope, but when thousands of sticky itty-bitty DNA strands bind together in the ethanol solution they become visible to the human eye.-Based on prior knowledge I know that the extraction of human DNA from mussel tissue is quite similar to the extraction of DNA from a strawberry and also ethanol based. That fact is to be expected for authentically there is no major cellular difference between strawberries and humans minus the fact that one is plant and the other is animal. Both are eukaryotic.ConclusionIn the experiment, DNA was successfully extracted from a strawberry, demonstrating the process a real life scientists would possibly extract DNA from cells. The lab was intact successful for the group and I were able to extract a visible amount of DNA from the mixture.There was really no source of error in this lab due to its simplicity. I get hold in orde r to improve this lab, we should compare the amount of strawberry DNA to another fruit like a banana or kiwi. I in person learned the physical process of DNA extraction as well as what DNA looks like.

Representation Of Events

This digit as well as appeared on other news programpaper front covers during the event such as the daily pronounce the sunniness and the indented. The image of the youth also includes what attends to be a burnt out facial in the background there for making it seem as if this person was to blame for this maroons attack. Other newspapers such as the daily telegraph and the daily express issued on the same day include headlines such as rule of the battalion flaming morons and mob rule to anger this image.This giving this person in the image of being a ember of a gang and the word moron has the connotations situated with it. These newspapers represented the even by putting a make do of blame of young people in the area this image that was used represented a stereophonic typical youth in capital of the United Kingdom there for representing them a rioter and a thug who was to blame for the riots.The daily mail newspaper also included a comment from the daily mail its self which subscribe to blame the cuts is immoral and cynical this criminality pure and simple there for the daily mail was blaming the bacchanalia in London on the criminals in the area especi eithery the stereo typical touts in London depicted in the image the comment also took the blame away from the government and opinion attractors The next example I am going to referee of a dun news interpenetrate aired on the 1 lath of august , aimed at a American audience.The catalyst for the rioting was the guessing dead of the 29 year old black man shop Digging on the quaternary of august he was about to be arrested for gun crime in the black community . The fox new broadcast represents the event in relation to his death the broadcast opens with the news secure motto the shooting death of one man, sets of hundreds leaves Roth London subverts in ruin the broadcast then shows footage of Atonement in London were we can seer young black youths looping shops with the headline police shooting sp arks riots.There for grievous the audience that the police may be to blame for these riots. Footage also shows burning buildings and the police patrolling the streets with the news anchor mentioning that the rioters are attacking businesses and police. The news broadcast then shows a Mao of where the riots are taking attribute obviously to show the American viewers how close the riots are to the location for upcoming Lollops that took place in London 2012. This would negatively represent the city of London to the American audience may put a lot of people off from visiting the country when the lollops are taking place. We are told it was this mans death that started it all anchored by an image of mark Duggan with a direct mode of address. Nt the image used in the sun newspaper article from 5th August 201 1 which represented Mark Duggan as a gangster. The image used in the sun newspaper showed mark Duggan making a gun sign with his great deal and wearing billing the dress code asso ciated tit gang members and culture. This newspaper report represented mark Duggan in a negative way and in term of is background making out that he shot at police first. The image would make an audience think he was to blame for his death.Fox news chief correspondent report focuses on the amount of people being arrested and the number of police hurt (25 police injured) uses an English news anchor and reporter ( knows history of London and had reported on the 1 asss riots) shows footage of a youth, dressed in a hood- negative connotations- gives the impression that all the rioters look like its- ere frighten especially to an outside audience (especially the brand American audience of this programmer) cops say the riots started because of the shooting of that man (mark Duggan) who was elatedly a gang member and its is simple opportunistic looting anchored by footage of the rioters attacking police. Shows interview with police commissioner opinion leader giving his thoughts on th e rioting -vats Ive seen is pure violence how ill this effect how people (especially the American target audience ) view this events Great concern for British government the rioting has moved into diddle partitioning areas so id the government only concerned now because the richer citizens are being affected?

Road to Civil War

Road to the civic War Joshua Douglas Axia College University of Phoenix It fronts the United States is always at fight. Our groundwork fathers fought the British for renouncedom and the Indians for land. Colonist fought each other for rights to land to grow their crops. Slaves fought for freedom and independence in this new country they were forced to live in. Slave takeers fought for the right to keep their slaves so they could profit from their work. Women fought for their rights to be equal, to work outside the home and to vote.The North and the South fought each other in a Civil War for their rights to own slaves and to outlaw slaves. Why are wars important? The impact of war may seem negative at time. The loss of life and resources is tragic but many times the outcome of the war moved the United States forward shaping her into the country she is right away. Tobacco was the crop to grow. It grew successfully and was in demand. In 1620, the demand for tobacco reached an all time high and the prices of products in atomic number 63 rose. many another(prenominal) people from Europe were out of jobs and un equal to afford the things they needed to survive and take care of their families.Many left Europe and travelled across the true to the United States where they thought they would be able to survive. Many of the immigrants arrived in Chesapeake looking for work. They were called obligate slaves and were required to work a certain number of historic period. Most indentured slaves did not live their accurate term due to hunger, disease and the general conditions and abuse they were put under. This was the starting point of slavery. The boom in tobacco was sure to end at some point. During these times, the economy rose and fell on a whim.Indeed, in the1630s and 1640s the tobacco boom settled down. Virginia became a more social and goernmental state. Wealthy settlers rose to political offices. They formed militias and defenses to govern their parishes. Since tobacco had become less profitable, the slaves were not worked as hard. This allowed many slaves to survive long enough to finish their indentures. Once they had d nonpareil this, many slaves started working as hired hands on the plantations. Many saved their money and eventually they were able to buy their own land and become independent planters making their own profits.The economy swung back up in the years following the War of 1812. A domestic market emerged cutting off complete dependence on world trade. Many inventors excessively emerged with products that would make Americans more efficient and would help produce more products. Eli Whitney was one such inventor. He invented the cotton gin which removed sticky seeds from the lint. This was a huge success. Slaves were now able to clean more cotton per day which caused the cotton production to grow in the lower south. By 1840 the South produced a openhanded portion of the worlds cotton supply.The rise in industries also helped the transportation circuit to grow by creating railroads to transport goods quickly. The economy was great but there were placid issues regarding slavery and human rights. Women started speaking out about their rights such as working outside the home. abolitionist emerged and started also speaking out about slavery. Many Southern colonists like their slaves. They were able to produce large quantities of crops quicker because they had so many people working the fields. They profited and were wealthy. Slaves allowed them to live the lifestyle of the wealthy.Many Northern colonists did not bind with slavery. Slavery was wrong and went against the very grain of what this country was founded on. The country was clearly starting to divide over these issues. The Dred Scott decision in 1857 was a major turning point on the road to the Civil War. Dred Scott was a slave that lived in Missouri. His master had taken him to live in Illinois which was a free state. Eventually the owner re move to Missouri which was not a free state. Dred Scott sued for his freedom stating he went to live in a free state thus making him free and he should remain free.The case went to the Supreme Court. The court was do up of two northern judges and five southern judges. In the end, the ruling was 7 to 2 that Scott should remain a slave. Roger Taney of Maryland was a member of the Supreme Court. He was one of the judges that voted in favor of Dred Scott remaining a slave. He felt that African Americans were not and would never be a citizen of the United States and he made his opinion known. Around the country, the reaction to the decision varied. Many Southern colonists were keen with the decision.They wanted to keep their slaves and continue to profit off them and live the life of a wealthy man. opus many Northern colonist felt this was unconstitutional. The Constitution of the United States was founded on the idea of freedom for all, not just a selected few. The result of this decision had a huge impact on the South. The decision spurred them to action. In 1861, South Carolina seceded from the Union and the rest of the South followed splitting the North from the South. The Civil War now loomed on the horizon. The Civil War was a significant part of the United States history.Our founding fathers traveled across the continent from Europe to the Americas. They were looking for a new life, freedom from an opposing ruler and oppression from the social classes. Many early colonists had died in this pursual of freedom. The survivors kept soldiering on, continuing to explore this new land and batch with the Indians and other countries that had laid siege to different territories. Many wars were fought in this pursuit of freedom. These events, however unfortunate they mightiness be, started shaping our country into what it is today.Had the men and the women in this country just set back and did nothing, where would we be today? What would this country be like? The Civil War and the result of the outcome of the Civil War turned out to be one of the most instrumental parts of our history. Many men and women died in the pursuit of freedom and equality that allows us to enjoy the freedoms and rights we have today. References Davidson, J. , Gienapp, W. , Heyrman, C. , Lytle, M. , & Stoff, M. (2006). Nation of nations A concise narrative of the American Republic (4th ed. ). Boston McGraw Hill.