Global Projects Management Essay

1 (a). Unmistakably, individuals have been engaged with the administration and association of large ventures for very some significant time-frame. This has as of late become a typical element of the advanced, globalize age. This has altogether prompted the transience of the initially perpetual hierarchical structures loaning them dispensable. This has additionally prompted the development of the novel types of linkages between individuals, nationalities and associations. Be that as it may, these ventures for the most part experience issues which significantly add to time and cost invades also the decrease in quality. The principle question is the means by which the social contrasts just as the institutional contrasts influence this procedure of worldwide undertakings and their results. People connect in a social domain which is made of formal and casual qualities, standards, rules, sets of accepted rules, laws and guidelines. There are likewise various arrangements and countries along with an assortment of associations. These are normally named as culture and establishment. The fundamental point of these is to lessen equivocalness and vulnerability in practices of individuals, for example, dynamic and connection. In enormous worldwide activities, there are numerous components that influence them somehow. These incorporate customer related, the executives related, and venture setting factors. The social and institutional contrasts are the reason for every one of these components. Along these lines, it obviously observed that the social and institutional contrasts have an effect and perceptible ramifications on the worldwide activities. This will rely upon the circumstance where the specific task is found. For moment, in an Information and Technology industry, a task to concoct an increasingly advanced innovation can be influenced by the nearness of poor administration whose premise is the social contrasts.  â â â â â â â â â â b). The Bullwhip Effect alludes to a wonder that is perceptible in figure ridden diverts utilized in dispersion. It is otherwise called Whiplash Effect or Forrester Effect. This is for the most part set up since the interest of the clients isn't generally steady. Subsequently, there is requirement for a business to gauge the interest with the goal that it can consummately adjust its stock and different assets. These gauges are typically founded on insights reason with respect to why they are rarely great.  â â â â â â â â â â For moment, if the interest is high, there will be a critical increment in orders made that will imply that the business should build its stock. At the point when the interest falls, the members will build their requests thus the business should diminish their stock.  â â â â â â â â â â This can likewise be brought about by the conduct and operational elements. The conduct causes incorporate the abuse of the fundamental stock strategies, the error of the whole criticism and time delays, the frenzy request responses that are brought about by the requests that are not met and the apparent danger of the player’s principle discernment. The operational causes are those that rely upon request handling, for example, the mistakes because of gauge and the alteration of the stock contingent upon the interest perception. The variety because of lead time, request synchronization, advancement and forward purchasing also expectation of information all structure some portion of the operational causes.  â â â â â â â â â â The ramifications of this to the retail business is that they ought to know about the requests of their clients with the goal that they don't overload or under stock. Thusly, this idea empowers them to anticipate the heading of the interest to abstain from setting misfortunes or not meeting the expectations of the clients which will bother them.  â â â â â â â â â â c). Exact estimating is important in any industry with the goal that the business can deliver to satisfy the needs of the purchasers. For moment, in the movement business, the administration should take a gander at the correct time when individuals are going towards a specific heading. For moment, toward the beginning of the day, a great many people are set out toward occupations around. In this manner, there ought to be accessibility of enough vehicles that will move all the laborers to their goals. In any case, at night, the converse is valid. The laborers need to report home from work consequently theseâ â vehicles ought to likewise be in bounty to ship them back home. Thusly, the movement business follows the directional progression of the individuals consequently is in a situation to satisfy their needs. As of now, the charge costs go up since individuals are numerous consequently the interest for transportation is high. During the Christmas season, individuals head out from towns to provincial zones. As of now, the vehicles offering administrations to these individuals are numerous and the costs are high also since the interest for the administrations is high. Right now, toll from provincial regions to town is low since dominant parts are running contrary to the flow. At the point when the schools open, larger parts are making a trip back to towns with the goal that they can answer to their employments subsequently the interest for transport to town as of now is high. This implies the costs should likewise be raised and more vehicles put in the on street to fulfill these need. This is anyway set conceivable by guaging of the expectations of the individuals.  â â â â â â â â â â d). Stock control is characterized as the procedure that limits the all out expense of stock. It has three central point that are thought about. These incorporate the expense of holding the cost, the expense of submitting a request and the expense of lack.  â â â â â â â â â â Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) is characterized as the model that decides the ideal amount to be requested so as to limit the complete variable costs that are important to request and hold a stock. Under this, the suppositions taken are that the yearly requests for the item or administration are known and are consistently steady. There is no thought that is taken with respect to the lead time, the receipt of the considerable number of requests happens once the request is made, the amount limits are not chipped away at as a major aspect of the model and the expense of requesting is taken to be consistent. The Economic Production Quantity (EPQ) is characterized as the ideal amount that will be delivered so as to improve the stock. It depends on an exchange off between the stock and the set up of the creation costs. Here, the exchange off examinationâ assumesâ that the interest for the things that are in the stock is nonstop and at a consistent rate, creations that are made to improve the stock are at customary spans, the creation of items is ceaseless just as at a steady rate during a creation rerun and the creation cost is constantly fixed. This model is like the EOQ model. The thing that matters is in the time that is required to change the stock. In the EOQ, recharging is immediate, while the EPQ model expect steady renewal.  â â â â â â â â â â A collective arranging framework has numerous highlights that are particular to improve its prosperity. For moment, the car creation industry has its destinations that quandary it to the presentation of its obligations so as to meet these objectives. This organization has exceptional association of all creation related capacities into an incorporated electronic creation framework. This will make the presentation fruitful.  A community oriented arranging framework has a skillful system that will guarantee that all the laborers are in a situation to get to the information that the need so as to play out their obligations. For moment, the car business is building up an electronic cooperative encompassing that will encourage the structure and the creation along with arranging frameworks. A synergistic arranging process likewise requires a communitarian working framework, data sharing without separation and trade of thoughts among the individuals in the various areas. In this type of framework, every creation procedure is characterized regarding items, forms included, assets utilized and their general relationship. In the car business consequently, the earth is made of four modules. These include: Advanced fake up that bolsters the whole item computerized mock-up process. Has a procedure arranging module that is fundamental in the arrangement of time estimation and the full investigation of working methodology. It additionally has a format arranging module that is liable for planning the right design of the creation lines. It has a work place format which is the significant framework for work environment structure the ergonomic thought.  A synergistic arranging framework has space for the representatives and the whole network to hive commitments to what they need to perform. For moment, they can utilize polls or meetings so as to get the sentiment of the people concerning the specific inquiry close by ought to beâ given an opportunity and the standards of the individuals be thought about. This framework ought to likewise be a multidimensional framework that is fit for taking care of numerous issues on the double. For moment, in the car business, the framework ought to have the option to deliver more than one kind of an item at sear time simultaneously be in a situation to control that other related tasks. This is made conceivable using a refined data innovation just as the most extreme utilization of cutting edge apparatuses and gear and abilities. 3). Lean creation alludes to the procedure ofâ delivering merchandise utilizing less assets when contrasted with the conventional large scale manufacturing. That is, there is less waste, less human exertion, less assembling space, less interests in the instruments to be utilized, less inventories and less time required to build up another item. For some, lean is the whole arrangement of instruments that are significant in that they aid the distinguishing proof just as the consistent end of squanders. These apparatuses likewise improve the qua

Rice Essays - Rice, Oryza Sativa, Paddy Field, Glutinous Rice

Rice Rice is the primary nourishment for around 33% to one-portion of the total populace. A develop rice plant is typically two to six feet tall. At the outset, one shoot shows up. It is trailed by one, two, or more branches creating. There are in any event five or six empty joints for each tail, and a leaf for each joint. The leaf of the rice plant is for quite some time, pointed, level, and firm. The most elevated join of the rice plant is known as the panicle. The rice grains create from the panicles. (Jodon, 300) Rice is grouped in the grass family Gramineae. Its variety is Oryza and species O. sativa. It is generally developed for food in Asia. A few assortments of rice incorporate red rice, glutinous rice, and wild rice. (Jodon, 303) The part inside the grain contains the majority of the nutrients and minerals (298). The portion contains thiamine, niacin, and riboflavin (299). Rice has numerous foes that demolish a larger part of the rice crops. The hatchlings of moth, stem borers, live in the stems of the rice plants. A few creepy crawlies suck the plant squeezes or bite the leaves. Winged creatures, for example, bobolink, Java sparrow, or paddybird, would eat the seeds or grains. Sickness causing elements, for example, parasites, roundworms, infections, and microbes likewise obliterate the rice plants. Impact sickness is brought about by parasites which causes the panicles containing the grains to break. (Jodon, 300) There are different kinds of rice developed everywhere throughout the world. A lion's share of rice developed is developed rice. At the point when rice is developed with water remaining on the fields, it is called marsh, wet, or flooded rice. Rice plants developed in specific pieces of Asia, South America, and Africa are called upland, slope, or dry rice since they are raised on raised terrains that can't be overflowed, however with copious precipitation. Wild rice is developed along lake shores of Canada and the Great Lakes. It is normally eaten by individuals in India. Scented rice is the most costly in light of the fact that is has long grains and suggests a flavor like popcorn when cooked. Glutinous rice is waxy rice devoured by Asians. It is cooked to a clingy glue and is utilized for cakes and sweets. (Jodon, 299) Rice was thought to have started in southeast Asia when Alexander the Great attacked India in 326 B. C(Jodon, 303). Further research uncovered that rice was developed around or at the Yangtze River in China, around 4000 to 11,500 years prior. One excavator, Toyama, overviewed information on 125 examples of rice grains, plant remains, husks, and different components from various locales along the length of the Yangtze River. He announced that the most seasoned examples. . . are grouped along the center Yangtze in Hubei and Hunan territories. Tests from the upper and lower bits of the Yangtze River were seen as more youthful, around 4,000 to 10,000 years of age. This example. . .proposes that rice development started in the center Yangtze and spread from that point. Archeologists see over a time of unearthing of the Yangtze River and close by destinations to affirm that the Yangtze River is the place rice was first developed. (Normille, 309) The Greeks scholarly of rice when Alexander the Great attacked India around 326 B. C. Spain was acquainted with rice when it was vanquished by the Moors during the 700's A.D. Spain at that point acquainted rice with Italy, around the 1400's. The Spanish likewise acquainted rice with the West Indies and South America, around the 1600's. Rice was acquainted with the United States when a Madagascar transport docked in the Charleston, South Carolina harbor. The boat commander gave the senator a sack of seed rice. It was then developed in states south of the Ohio River and east of Mississippi. (Jodon, 303) Rice is generally developed in marsh fields partitioned by earth dividers (Jodon, 300) A lion's share of the rice crops are developed with water remaining on the fields (Jodon, 299). On level land, these paddies and soil dividers are worked in wavy or straight lines. On slope like land, they follow the inclines and structure paddies that ascent like advances. The soil dividers are utilized to hold in water for the fields. (300) Development of the rice plant requires controlling the water gracefully and weeding the

The influence of Technology Essay Sample

The influence of Technology Essay Sample Can you imagine the modern world without technologies? It is possible to say that most of the people are addicted to the comfortable life that technologies give us every day, and no one doesn’t want even to think of life without them. However, it is essential to understand that not all of the changes are completely positive. Technology has changed our lives rapidly, especially if to look at communication, education, and lifestyle, but it is up to everyone to decide what things are good and what are bad. In the first place, technologies have changed the way people communicate nowadays. From one side, the variety of social networks helps to interact with the people even if they live far away. Mobile phones also help to be in touch with the family and friends any day and night. Thanks to such programs as Skype and LivePerson people can even see each other living on different contents. The borders do not exist anymore, which makes people closer. On the other hand, people less communicate outside the Internet. The scientists state that personal communication is much less popular nowadays than it was before. Apart from this, it is good to mention online dating. A great number of people prefer to date online. They are afraid to meet people personally or just don’t know how to do this. It is easy to notice that commutation with the modern technologies isn’t always a good thing. The second important thing that modern technologies have changed is education. From one point of view, it is much easier to study now because there is no need to look for information in libraries. It is possible to find everything necessary on the web. Apart from this, it is very simple to find someone, who can help to solve some assignment, which saves time and efforts of the students. Thanks to the modern technologies, education now isn’t only simpler but also more interesting. Teachers and professors can use different methods to make the studying process more effective and more pleasant. Apart from this, it is possible to study at home, which is very convenient. However, as it is very easy to find information, the students should study much more information than it was in the past. As a result, young people look for the different methods to make their lives easier. Unfortunately, such approach isn’t always good because a lot of the students don’t get the knowledge they shoul d have to be professionals in their sphere. The third thing that was rapidly changed thanks to technology in our lives is a lifestyle. In general, the lives of ordinary people became easier. It is possible: to work home, to find out where is a traffic jam, how to get to some place, where to eat, where to order food and other staff, where to spend free time and many other things. Apart from this, thanks to new technologies people have more variety of the hobbies. However, not only positive changes happened with the lifestyles of the ordinary human beings. For instance, people became lazier. Very often they do not have a desire to go outside when they just can order everything online. The same situation is with traveling. A great number of people are satisfied with the programs they can watch on TV about different countries. It is obvious that technology has changed our lives. In most of the cases, these changes are very positive. They make our lives easier and more interesting. However, there are also some negative effects like loneliness and laziness. It is possible to take the most advantage of the technologies but it is necessary to be a smart person, who knows how to use his/her time and abilities.

Mortality In Their Eyes Were Watching God - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1373 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay Did you like this example? Zora Neale Hurston’s takes her audience on a psychological adventure within her novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God. In her narration, the protagonist, Janie Crawford, goes on a transformational hero’s journey where her innermost thoughts are explored. From being influenced into an arranged marriage to finding the true love of her life, it is through the emotions revealed in Janie’s internal events that leads her to her ultimate awakening at the end of the novel as she reaches her horizon. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mortality In Their Eyes Were Watching God" essay for you Create order Janie’s internal conflicts play a significant role on the overall plot of the novel, as the protagonist discovers her own personal voice and strength in a society that is dominated by men and heavily influenced by class. However, throughout the novel Janie struggles with aligning her point of view to her actions except for when her life depends on it. Janie’s psychological events reveal her mortality; Janie’s ultimate awakening is developed in the matters of life and death. Hurston depicts Janie’s quest for love and self empowerment through the use of a flashback as the protagonist shares her story with her best friend, Pheoby Watson. In the start of her memories, Janie’s viewpoint of love is exposed after her experience under a pear tree blossoms into her ideology of love. One afternoon, â€Å"She saw a dust-bearing bee sink into the sanctum of a bloom; the thousand sister-calyxes arch to meet the love embrace and the ecstatic shiver of the tree from root to tiniest branch creaming in every blossom and frothing with delight†¦ this was a marriage!† This encounter with the bees introduces Janie to the display of love and intimacy, as it becomes her expectation of the relationships between her and her future lover. When Janie attempts to act on her change in consciousness with a boy she had once ignored, Johnny Taylor, her Nanny interferes as she has an opposing viewpoint of men. Seeing men as cynical beings, Nanny forces Jani e into an arranged marriage with Logan Killicks as she attempts to strip Jannie’s vision of love. This is the beginning of Jannie’s isolation as she conforms to her Nanny’s wishes, yet with her idea of love engraved in the hidden parts of her mind. Janie marries Logan at Nanny’s house, secretly hoping to find intimacy throughout her new relationship with her husband. However, she is rudely awaken with the reality that marriage does not bring about love. Her isolation becomes her misery. Janie wants absolutely no part in doing the work Logan assigns, like the mule he offers her to help plow the fields. The significance of the mention of the mule becomes a symbolic figure that is referenced in Janie’s quest of self empowerment. These silent unpredictable creatures further emphasize Janie’s solitude. Within the isolation of her mind, Janie battles her desire for the horizon with the wishes of her Nanny. However, it is not until Nanny dies that she realizes she must find a form of escapism. She proceeds to emerge into the next chapter of her life with with Joe Starks with , a feeling of sudden newness and change. Even if Joe was not there waiting for her, the change was bound to do her good. As the yearning for the pollen tree was never removed from Jannie’s inner thoughts, her impulse to leave with Joe was due to his appealing idea of â€Å"life beyond.† It is evident here that Janie is always conscious of her inner feelings and needs, although what instigates her is questionable as she never truly acted until the death of Nanny. She ventures into a new experience unaware of what it might hold, but certain that her impulse is needed to explore her desire of reaching the horizon that she had only made possible within her inner thoughts. There is room to argue that Janie’s relationship with Joe serves her nothing but greater oppression with a higher social class. Throughout their marriage, Joe becomes more overbearing as becoming mayor of Eatonville has influenced his sovereignty. It is revealed that Joe created a false image of a better future for Janie, as he forces her to abide by his regulations. For instance, the symbolism within the head rags he forced her to wear express his constraints over Janie’s femininity, which results in her sacrificing her identity. Although Janie doesn’t agree with his domination, â€Å"Ah hates disagreement and confusion, so Ah better not talk†, such statement creates a dangerous atmosphere as Janie’s act of conforming to Joe’s needs questions the power, or even existence, of her own voice. Almost being vanished of her identity, Janie meets death once again as Joe passes away. After twenty long years of marriage, Joe’s noticeably older age has allowed for another escape route in Janie’s attempt at reaching the horizon. Janie begins to comprehend that her voice can still be formed. This leads to Janie confronting Joe on his deathbed and letting out all the frustration she has been holding in her internal thoughts including his: self righteousness, selfishness, and lack of love. In his last moments, Joe wishes death upon Janie, which is ultimately ironic seeing that although death is surrounded by a negative connotation, it has proven to be Janie’s only tool to reshape her life. Living free as a widow, it isn’t too long before the protagonist finds herself with another man. Tea Cake becomes Jannie’s true love, the only man that was able to make her feel again after her ordeal with Johnny. This young man has a contrasting viewpoint of gender roles when compared to Janie’s past relations. It is because of such beliefs that Tea Cake begins earning the trust of not only Janie, but the audience. By building a loving and caring foundation with Janie, the young man influences her perception of life as she is given the opportunity to express her internal thoughts. However, this warm atmosphere is soon demolished after Tea Cake asserts his dominance. The thematic continuation of a male-female relationship in the novel reveals the submission of women. By objectifying women, â€Å"Being able to whip her reassured him in possession†, Tea Cake returns Janie into silence. Yet, this silence has proven to be profound, as the voice lingering within her mind has been shown to be Janie’s strength in a time where her own internal values aren’t respected. Holding onto such strength, is essential for Janie overcoming her horizon. When a hurricane threatens and defeats Janie and Tea Cake, the young man sacrifices himself and is bitten by a rabid dog after being stuck in an intense flood. Alluding to Noah’s Ark in the bible, a flood of this magnitude signifies rebirth and reconstruction. For Janie, this was the ultimate start of transforming into a new persona; reaching the horizon she so deeply desired. After Tea Cake was infected by the deadly virus from the dog, he became mad and lost all of the appealing qualities Janie was in love with. Under the suppression of a man, with the guide of no one else, when presented with death one final time Janie chose and valued her own life and could no longer be silenced. Pulling the trigger that ultimately leads to the death of her lover, Janie has finally escaped her internal conflicts by finally acting upon her viewpoints. Throughout the entirety of the novel, whether married to Logan, Joe, or even Tea Cake, Janie struggled immensely with finding her voice. The protagonist yearned for a future where she could no longer be suppressed by the men in her life and find true love within herself; her own personal horizon. Death brings Janie closer and closer to reaching such a dream, however, it isn’t until Janie understands the true value of her voice that she can escape her unhealthy relationships. Overall deepening her understanding of mortality, Janie’s powerful transformation provides a new outlook on death; through its lasting affect, death ventures into new beginnings that can rid an individual of fear as it pushes them into a future where they embrace each moment as their own.

The Criminal Court System - 1384 Words

The Criminal Court system is made up of four main components, each with its distinct aim. Each part works independently to achieve its goals. The four components are: law enforcement, prosecution, the judiciary, and the corrections. Law enforcement is the most visible element of the criminal court system. It is the part that has the first contact with crime offenders and victims. The functions of this component are: receive and document crime reports, carry investigations on reported crimes, collect evidence, and arrest offenders. The prosecution ensures criminals are brought to justice. This element represents state interests. The defense part of this component represents the interest of the accused (Neubauer and Fradella 66). The judiciary has the duty of overseeing the proceedings of the court and ensures that the law is not broken at any stage of the criminal justice system. The final say on law matters comes from this element. The final component is the corrections stage and its duty is to imprison The consensual model is where both the perpetrator of the law and the client desire the unlawful action. It is mainly made up of victimless crimes, for instance the use of hard drugs, prostitution, and forbidden sexual acts between consenting adults. The adversarial model on the other hand argues that every case is made of two parts: the criminal part and the civil part. In the criminal side, the prosecution claims that the defendant is guilty whereas the defendant contendsShow MoreRelatedFunctions Of The Criminal Court System1264 Words   |  6 PagesThe function of the criminal courts in society is to control social order and protect the community. The criminal justice system is always changing because of updated laws. The criminal court has five components; the judge, the prosecutor, defendant lawyer, the defendant and the juror. 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Describe the Four Ways That Transposition Is Controlled Free Essays

Uncontrolled transposition is deleterious to the cell and thus, the frequency of transposition is generally kept to a minimum by various regulatory mechanisms. Describe the FOUR ways that transposition is controlled. Transposition is the movement of a particular fragment of DNA from one part of a genome to another. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe the Four Ways That Transposition Is Controlled or any similar topic only for you Order Now A transposon is a segment of DNA which is capable of moving from a specific location on a DNA molecule to another location on the same or different molecule. For this reason, it is known as a â€Å"jumping element†. The recombination that takes place involves two unrelated sequences.This is unlike other homologous recombination events such as crossovers in meiosis and in transposition; there is a completely new arrangement of genes along the chromosome. A transposon could contain antibiotic resistance genes so that when it inserts itself into its target, it could confer resistance to the host. Transposons have therefore aided the development of plasmids which give multiple drug resistance to certain bacteria. Transposition can be both beneficial and hazardous to the host. Over time, transposons have led to genetic variability and evolution.This is due to their ability to generate mutations by insertion within a host’s genome. However, their insertion can lead to alterations in DNA arrangement such as cause deletions, inversions and chromosome fusions. For this reason, transposition can be deleterious. It is important to understand how the activity of transposable elements is regulated. Transposition activity must be limited so that there is little capacity to damage host DNA but still maintain advantageous features. For this to be achieved, a balance must be struck between too much transposition occurring and too little. This is known as the frequency of transposition. This essay will review the different types of regulatory mechanisms employed. A transposon element consists of three major regions. It contains a gene for transposase, insertion sequences (IS) and a coding region for proteins such as those which give antibiotic resistance. These multiple protein-coding regions lie in between the short, repeated sequences. Transposase employs the joining together of the transposon to the host’s genome through a cut and paste mechanism whereby the enzyme cleaves its transposon and splices its ends to the target sequence.This is known as conservative transposition. The insertion sequences can be direct or inverted repeats of DNA. Directionality is given for being on different ends of a transposon. Transposition occurs because of the insertion sequences in the terminals of the transposon and the transposase enzyme . Composite transposons are similar to simple transposons. Tn5 is an example of a composite transposon because it is flanked by two separate IS elements. Its structure is shown below in figure 1: Figure 1: Tn5 Transposon, adapted from Annual Review Microbiology, 47: 945-63, Reznikoff, 1993The Tn5 encodes two proteins, the transposase enzyme with a related protein and the transposition inhibitor. Since transposons are defined by the specific sequence at its ends, changes in any base pair within these sequences can typically reduce the frequency of and in some cases, completely inhibit transposition. The abundance of the inhibitor is one means of determining the frequency of its transposition. The synthesis of the two proteins that Tn5 codes for is regulated by a set of genetic regulatory elements.The proteins that the host encodes also play a crucial role in the transposition process. The host DNA methylation function also plays a part in controlling transposition because the expression of transposase is sensitive to DNA methylation. The transposase enzyme is highly unstable and in any case, cannot accumulate to very high levels in the cell. This in itself is a self-regulatory mechanism. The expression of transposase is also controlled during translation. This is done by blocking ribosome docking so that transposase translation is minimised.This is mainly seen to occur in Tn10 however. There are therefore many ways in regulating transposition. Most of the above regulatory mechanisms occur in Tn5 except at the translation level, which has seen to occur in Tn10 (Reznikoff, 1993). Mobility of bacterial transposons is usually regulated to approximately 10-3 to 10-8 transpositions per element per bacterial generation (Horak amp; Kivisaar, 1999). The main factor affecting the rate of transposition is the amount of active transposase enzyme available.Without transposase, the transposon would not be able to insert itself into a host’s genome. The mechanisms described briefly above are down-regulatory and must operate frequently at different points of transposase expression to ensure precise control. In the absence of any control mechanisms, the number of transposon copies per cell would increase continuously over time. There are therefore means by which the rate of transposition per copy is reduced as the number of transposon copies rises. The Tn5 contains two nearly identical sequences, IS50R and IS50L.The IS50R is a fully functional transposable element coding for the transposase (Tnp), but the IS50L contains a codon which results in the synthesis of inactive proteins. Therefore, the transposon has two opposing activities. In this way, the Tnp can inhibit the activity of other Tnp molecules. The Tnp, binds to the OE and IE end sequences (see diagram). The IS50R also encodes another protein and this is the inhibitor (Inh). The expression of this inhibitor causes it to bind to the transposase molecule and prevent post-cleavage events. Unlike Tnp, the Inh lacks the N-terminal 55 amino acids.Its function in trans is to inhibit transposition. As well as the activities of both Tnp and Inh, their relative abundance plays a major role in regulating the frequency of transposition (Sasakawa et al, 1982). As the number of Tn5 increases, the concentration of trans-acting Inh increases so as to stop further transposition. However, the amount of cis-acting Tnp remains constant. Transposase is preferentially cis acting. It is now known that there are promoters which program Tnp and Inh syntheses. There is also regulation of these key promoters. The level of transposase is limited primarily by gene translation.This has seen to occur in IS10, IS50, Tn3 and IS903. The translation of mRNAS of the transposases of the IS10 and IS30 regions are inhibited by anti-sense RNAs. This RNA is encoded from a promoter that generates a transcript called â€Å"RNA-OUT† which is complementary to the 5’ end of the transposase mRNA (Nagy amp; Chandler, 2004). The anti-sense RNA pairs with the 5’ end of this mRNA and this blocks ribosome binding. Therefore, translation cannot occur. The anti-sense RNA is a stem-loop structure and pairing is initiated by an interaction between G and C residues at the 5’ end of the mRNA and the top of the loop.Since the anti-sense RNA is tenfold more abundant than the mRNA of transposase, it is more stable so that transposase translation is greatly reduced. In IS10, translation is further reduced due to fold-back inhibition. This is when a region of transposase mRNA pairs with and stops the functioning of the upstream ribosome binding site (Kleckner, 1990). Dam DNA methylation down-regulates the synthesis of Tnp. The bacterial DNA adenine methyltransferase is a product of the dam gene which methylates the N-6 position of adenine on both strands of the DNA symmetrical sequence.IS10, IS50 and IS903 carry the GATC methylation sites in their transposase promoter regions. By methylating these sites, the transposase is inhibited from binding to the IE. A fully methylated transposase promoter does not allow the binding of RNA polymerase yet a hemi-methylated promoter permits this binding. Hemimethylated DNA is generated whenever a methylated GATC site is replicated. The GATC sites are placed strategically in the transposase gene promoter region at one end of the element and in the transposase binding site at the other. Therefore, methylation at these locations affects both transposase gene expression and the transposition process. When these sites hemimethylated, there is an increase in activity of the promoters and hence transposition (Kleckner, 1990). The means by which transposition is controlled were packaged into four fundamental methods. These were the effects of dam methylation, translational regulation, transposase inhibitors and the way in which transposase may be able to self-regulate. There are many more ways in which transposition is regulated.Most of the regulations described above are due to controlling the level of transposase expression as this is the enzyme which allows the transposition mechanics to occur. Other means of regulation are due to the intervention of host protein factors. Again, these directly influence transposase activity and therefore affect the frequency of transposition.References: Alberts, B. , Johnson, A. , Lewis, J. , Raff, M. , Roberts, K. , and Walter, P. (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fourth edn (London, Garland Science). Horak, R. , and Kivisaar, M. (1999). Regulation of the transposase of Tn4652 by the transposon-encoded protein TnpC†. Journal of Bacteriology, p 6312-6318, Vol 18, No. 20. Kleckner, N. (1990). â€Å"Regulation of transposition in bacteria†. Annu. Rev. Cell Bio (6): 297-327. Nagy, Z. , and Chandler, M. (2004). â€Å"Regulation of transposition in bacteria†. Research in Microbiology (155): 387-398. Reznikoff, W. S. (1993). â€Å"The Tn5 Transposon†. Annu. Rev. Microbiol (47): 945-63. Sasakawa, C. , John, B. , McDivitt, L. , and Berg, D. E. (1982). â€Å"Control of transposon Tn5 transposition in Escherichia coli†. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, p 7450-7454, Vol. 79. How to cite Describe the Four Ways That Transposition Is Controlled, Papers

Description The News Story of Samsung †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Description The News Story of Samsung. Answer: Introduction Human resource management (HRM) is a formal function used in an organization for managing the employees and their performance towards achieving desired organizational success (Albrecht et al., 2015). Human resources are considered to the most valuable organizational assets for getting organizational success (Shahzadi et al., 2014). This study will discuss the human resource issues in Samsung. The news story chosen in this study has revealed the reward system issues residing within Samsung. Moreover, the study will identify the human resource issues of the news story in respect to Samsung. The issues of the news story will also be aligned with relevant theories of human resource management. Apart from that, the study will provide appropriate solution to Samsung for reducing their issues of human resource management. Description of News Story The news story of Samsung is based on the matter of providing maximum reward to the employees of mobile division despite of their poor performance. As per the news story, Samsung typically does not pay so adequately and fantastically. Moreover, the organization supplements the base salary of the employees with their annual salary. Samsung usually provides bonus of 50% of employees salary and it is usually paid on exceeding the internal profit of each division (Android Authority, 2016). However, this news story has revealed that the employees of Samsungs mobile division are getting maximum bonus despite of the poor performance of the division. As per the management executives, the employees are getting maximum bonus for their sincere contribution in keeping the division running in spite of various challenges. Moreover, the management executives of Samsung provided maximum bonus to the employees of mobile employees for preventing mass exodus of employees (Android Authority, 2016). The rise of cheap Chinese vendors has become an extreme challenge for the mobile division of the Samsung. Such challenge has also reduced the profit level of the organization. The employees of this division still got maximum bonus despite of its less earnings. In such situation, the maximum bonus to the mobile division employees has been a bitter pill to swallow for the employees of other divisions of Samsung. Moreover, the employees of Samsungs Electronic have not been treated so favorably. Furthermore, the employees of Samsungs battery division have got just 3% bonus because of their poor performance through the year 2015 (Android Authority, 2016). Such discrimination of bonus distribution can reduce the motivation of the employees from other divisions of Samsung. Such lack of proper reward to the employees of other division can also influence on the performance level of those employees and their retention trends. Cost cutting is another issue for Samsungs employees, where the orga nization has earned increased profit through reducing the salary structure of the employees (Android Authority, 2016). Such cost cutting can also lower the morale of the existing employees and lead them to seek better job opportunities in other organizations having better job security. Identification of Problem and Theoretical Perspective Inadequate Pay Structure From the news story, it has been revealed that Samsung does not pay fantastically to its employees. The organization supplements the base salary of the employees with their annual rewards. Such inadequate salary structure has reduced the motivation level of the employees. According to Jackson et al. (2014), as per the equity theory of pay structure, the employees always compare the fairness of their pay structure with those of employees in other organizations in the same industry. However, in this case, the pay structure is not just as per the equity theory, as the employees are getting quite less salary as compared to other organizations (Anitha, 2014). Moreover, the statement of one official of Samsung in this news story has revealed the adequate pay structure of the employees. In this statement, the official has declared that Samsung should try to motivate their employees through proper compensation. On the other hand, Cerasoli et al. (2014) opined that Maslows theory of motivatio n suggest adequate pay as the basic and physiological needs of the employees. As per this theory, Samsung is not even fulfilling the basics needs of the employees. Hence, the employees are highly de-motivated to perform better and seeking to leave the organization for getting better job opportunities. Lack of Proper Reward Structure Samsung is more likely supplement the basic salary of the employees with their annual bonuses. It means that the reward structure of the organization is not fair enough and not as per the actual reward system. The organization has no intension to improve the performance level of the employees for their poor performance (Bhuvanaiah Raya, 2015). Moreover, it is more likely to penalize the employees for their poor performance through reducing their annual bonuses. However, the mobile division of the organization is not following this trend of bonus distribution, where the employees in this division are getting maximum bonuses despite of poor performance (Alagaraja Shuck, 2015). As per Malik et al., (2015), the distributive justice theory suggests distribution of rewards as per the contribution level of the employees. However, in this case, apart from the employees of mobile division, all other employees are getting less reward because of their poor performance. They are not being provided adequate rewards despite of their sincere contribution in keeping up the business (Van De Voorde Beijer, 2015). Hence, such employees are getting high de-motivated and the organization is facing challenges for retaining such employees. On the other hand, Bradler et al. (2016) opined that Hertzbergs Two Factor Theory suggests that rewards act as the motivators for the employees towards better performance. However, in this case, the employees of Samsung are not getting proper rewards for their sincere contribution, which is actually hampering their motivation level (Nica, 2016). Hence, it would be extremely difficult for Samsung to retain sincere employees in long run for g etting sustainable business profit. Discrimination among Divisions The news story of Samsung is clearly indicating that the organization is discriminating among different divisions in terms of providing bonuses. In has been found that the employees of mobile division are getting maximum bonuses despite of their poor performance. However, the employees of other division are getting very less bonuses for their poor performance. Such discrimination of bonuses is creating disruption of employee relation among the employees of different division (Yoon et al., 2015). Such clashing employee relation can hamper the willingness of the employees towards staying in the organization for longer period. As per the theory of ProMES (Productivity Measurement and Enhancement System) theory of performance appraisal system, the employees are get paid on the basis of the overall performance level of organization as a team (Nyberg et al., 2016). However, the organization is not providing bonuses to the employees as per the overall performance level of the organization. Such ineffective performance appraisal system is actually hampering the performance level of the employees on other divisions. Cost Cutting Issue As per the financial report of Q4, 2015, Samsung earned 15% increased profit from their previous earning volume. The reason behind such increased profit level was cost cutting, where the organization has reduced the pay structure of the employees (Boxall Macky, 2014). Such cost cutting system of the organization was quite frustrating for the employees, which hampered the performance level of those employees. Moreover, De Gieter and Hofmans (2015) stated that the cost cutting system is just ineffective against employee motivation as per procedural justice of compensation. The organization is not fair enough in their method to determine the contribution level of the employees apart from the employees of mobile division. Hence, the organization can face extreme challenge in managing the performance level of the employees and retaining them for longer period. Practical Solution for Future: Competitive Salary Structure As per the news story, the pay structure of Samsung is not attractive enough for motivating the employees. Hence, the employees are more inclined to seek for better job opportunities in other organizations, which are providing competitive pay structure. In such situation, Samsung should immediately set competitive salary structure for the employees. Such competitive salary structure would competently meet the physiological needs of the employees. Moreover, the organization would be able to retain the talented employees for longer period for long term organizational success through competitive salary package. Moreover, competitive salary package would also encourage the employees towards high level of performance for organizational success. Fair Reward Structure It has been found that Samsung does not provide adequate reward to the employees. The employees of mobile division are getting maximum bonuses despite of their poor performance. However, the employees of other divisions like consumer electronic and battery division are getting very less bonuses as per their low performance level. The organization is more inclined to penalize the employees for their poor performance through providing very less bonus. However, such reduced bonuses are actually hampering the retaining rate and performance level of the employees in Samsung. Hence, the organization should provide adequate reward to the employees for respecting their sincere contribution just like mobile division towards keeping up the business. It will help the organization in long run towards long term retention of the employees and their increased performance level. It will give the hope to the organization to keep up the business despite of several challenges in the market. Equal Bonus Pay From the news story, it can be seen that Samsung is discriminating among the employees from different divisions. It has been found that the employees of mobile division are getting maximum bonuses despite of their poor performance. However, the employees from other divisions are getting little bonuses for their poor performance. Such situation is indicating discrimination of rewards system among the employees. Moreover, the organization has no clear structure for providing rewards to the employees. It is actually creating clashing employee relation among the employees, which is de-motivating the employees through hindering their performance level. Hence, the organization should immediately initiate equal bonus system, where the employees of each division would get equal bonuses as per overall profit of the organization. It would definitely reduce the clashing relation among the employees from different divisions, which would ultimately enhance their performance level. Effective Performance Appraisal The new story of Samsung suggests that apart from mobile division, most of other divisions are more likely to penalize the employees as per their poor performance level. However, such penalize system is actually disrespecting the sincere contribution of the employees despite of different challenges. Moreover, the organization has no intension to improve the performance level of the employees through enhancing their skills and knowledge level. In this way, motivation level of the employees is getting down gradually and they are being more inclined towards leaving their current jobs. In such situation, despite of cost cutting, the organization should arrange proper training and employee development programs for improving their performance level. Such training and development program would definitely encourage the employee towards working hard for organizational success. Hence, training and development program would help the organization to enhance the performance level of the employees and retain them for longer period. Conclusion While concluding the study, it can be said that Samsung is providing maximum bonus to the employees of mobile division despite of their poor performance. However, the employees from other divisions are getting less amount of bonus because of their poor performance level. In this way, such discrimination of bonuses is creating clashing relationship among the employees from different divisions. Such clashing employee relationship is actually hampering the performance level of the employees. Apart from that, Samsung does not provide competent salary to the employees. Hence, the employees are more inclined to leave their current job, which may create challenge for the organization towards retaining the employees. Hence, the organization should distribute annual bonuses to the employees of different divisions equally. It would reduce the clashing relationship of the employees, which can help them in concentrating in their work for increasing their performance level. On the other hand, the organization should also increase the compensation package for the employees, which will encourage them to stay in the organization for longer period. References Alagaraja, M., Shuck, B. (2015). Exploring organizational alignment-employee engagement linkages and impact on individual performance: A conceptual model.Human Resource Development Review,14(1), 17-37. Albrecht, S. L., Bakker, A. B., Gruman, J. A., Macey, W. H., Saks, A. M. (2015). Employee engagement, human resource management practices and competitive advantage: An integrated approach.Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance,2(1), 7-35. Android Authority. (2016).Android Authority. Retrieved 6 February 2018, from https://www.androidauthority.com/samsung-rewards-mobile-division-employees-669904/ Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International journal of productivity and performance management,63(3), 308. Bhuvanaiah, T., Raya, R. P. (2015). Mechanism of improved performance: Intrinsic motivation and employee engagement.SCMS Journal of Indian Management,12(4), 92. Boxall, P., Macky, K. (2014). High-involvement work processes, work intensification and employee well-being.Work, employment and society,28(6), 963-984. Bradler, C., Dur, R., Neckermann, S., Non, A. (2016). Employee recognition and performance: A field experiment.Management Science,62(11), 3085-3099. Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., Ford, M. T. (2014). Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis.Psychological bulletin,140(4), 980. De Gieter, S., Hofmans, J. (2015). How reward satisfaction affects employees turnover intentions and performance: an individual differences approach.Human Resource Management Journal,25(2), 200-216. Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S., Jiang, K. (2014). An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management.The Academy of Management Annals,8(1), 1-56. Malik, M. A. R., Butt, A. N., Choi, J. N. (2015). Rewards and employee creative performance: Moderating effects of creative self?efficacy, reward importance, and locus of control.Journal of Organizational Behavior,36(1), 59-74. Nica, E. (2016). The effect of perceived organizational support on organizational commitment and employee performance.Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics,4(4), 34-40. Nyberg, A. J., Pieper, J. R., Trevor, C. O. (2016). Pay-for-performances effect on future employee performance: Integrating psychological and economic principles toward a contingency perspective.Journal of Management,42(7), 1753-1783. Shahzadi, I., Javed, A., Pirzada, S. S., Nasreen, S., Khanam, F. (2014). Impact of employee motivation on employee performance.European Journal of Business and Management,6(23), 159-166. Van De Voorde, K., Beijer, S. (2015). The role of employee HR attributions in the relationship between high?performance work systems and employee outcomes.Human Resource Management Journal,25(1), 62-78. Yoon, H. J., Sung, S. Y., Choi, J. N. (2015). Mechanisms underlying creative performance: Employee perceptions of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards for creativity.Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal,43(7), 1161-1179.

All About Geography Questions and Answers

All About Geography Questions and Answers While the word geography is derived from Greek and literally means to write about the earth, the subject of geography is much more than describing foreign places or memorizing the names of capitals and countries. Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks to understand the world - Â  its human and physical features - through an understanding of place and location. Geographers study where things are and how they got there. My favorite definitions for geography are the bridge between the human and physical sciences and the mother of all sciences. Geography looks at the spatial connection between people, places, and the earth. How Is Geography Different from Geology? Many people have an idea of what a geologist does but dont have any idea of what a geographer does. While geography is commonly divided into human geography and physical geography, the difference between physical geography and geology is often confusing. Geographers tend to study the surface of the earth, its landscapes, its features, and why they are where they are. Geologists look deeper into the earth than do geographers and study its rocks, the internal processes of the earth (such as plate tectonics and volcanoes), and study periods of earth history many millions and even billions of years ago. How Does One Become a Geographer? An undergraduate (college or university) education in geography is an important beginning to becoming a geographer. With a bachelors degree in geography, a geography student can begin working in a variety of fields. While many students begin their career after achieving an undergraduate education, others continue on. A masters degree in geography is very helpful for the student who desires to teach at the high school or community college level, to be a cartographer or GIS specialist, of work in business or government. A doctorate in geography (Ph.D.) is necessary if one wishes to become a full professor at a university. Although, many Ph.D.s in geography continue on to form consulting firms, become administrators in government agencies, or attain high-level research positions in corporations or think-tanks. The best resource for learning about colleges and universities that offer degrees in geography is the annual publication of the Association of American Geographers, the Guide to Programs in Geography in the United States and Canada. What Does a Geographer Do? Unfortunately, the job title of geographer is not often found in companies or government agencies (with the most notable exception of the U.S. Census Bureau). However, more and more companies are recognizing the skill that a geographically-trained individual brings to the table. Youll find many geographers working as planners, cartographers (map makers), GIS specialists, analysis, scientists, researchers, and many other positions. Youll also find many geographers working as instructors, professors, and researchers at schools, colleges, and universities. Why Is Geography Important? Being able to view the world geographically is a fundamental skill for everyone. Understanding the connection between the environment and people, geography ties together diverse sciences as geology, biology, and climatology with economics, history, and politics based on location. Geographers understand conflict around the world because so many factors are involved. Who Are the Fathers of Geography? The Greek scholar Eratosthenes, who measured the circumference of the earth and was the first to use the word geography, is commonly called the father of geography. Alexander von Humboldt is commonly called the father of modern geography and William Morris Davis is commonly called the father of American geography. How Can I Learn More About Geography? Taking geography courses, reading geography books, and, of course, exploring this site are great ways to learn. You can increase your geographic literacy of places around the world by getting a good atlas, such as Goodes World Atlas and use it to look up unfamiliar places anytime you encounter them while reading or watching the news. Before long, youll have a great knowledge of where places are. Reading travelogues and historical books can also help improve your geographic literacy and understanding of the world - Â  theyre some of my favorite things to read. What Is the Future of Geography? Things are looking up for geography! More and more schools across the United States are offering or requiring geography be taught at all levels, especially high school. The introduction of the Advanced Placement Human Geography course in high schools in the 2000-2001 school year increased the number of college-ready geography majors, thus increasing the numbers of geography students in undergraduate programs. New geography teachers and professors are needed in all areas of the educational system as more students begin learning geography. GIS (Geographic Information Systems) has become popular in many different disciplines and not just geography. The career opportunities for geographers with technical skills, especially in the area of GIS, is excellent and should continue to grow.

The Presidential Candidacy essays

The Presidential Candidacy essays CURRENT EVENTS ISSUES ON MEDICARE, VOTING FRAUD, INJUSTICE REGARDING PEDOPHILES AND THE WAR The current information provided to the American public on both television and all other mews media outlets are infiltrated with political proproganda one could form no opinion that would be of good judgment based on the facts given to us through these sources. When watching the democratic and republican conventions it becomes almost humorous, the list of promises each candidate makes with the American public knowing fully that the promises and agenda in which they will be carried out will mostly likely not become reality. Based on past presidential campaigns the promises are usually null and void before they ever are carried out. Considering the tug of war that occurs between the House of Congress and the Senate the proposed agenda the President makes that is suppose the better accommodate the American people usually becomes so distorted in the end that no one is better off. One would have to conduct an in depth research project from actual factual documents and information provided by private entities or by personally knowing or being a relative of the candidates currently seeking the Presidency. Considering this, documents could be altered as the American people have learned from experience and the second idea in which to retrieve information, I would have to say, does anyone really know a person. Perhaps our entire democracy should be completely reconstructed. Why could we not have more than two candidates to choose from? Could the American people not demand to have 5, 10 or even 100 candidates to choose from? I suggest that each candidate have an outside independent non-government related agency do a thorough background investigation and this information should be presented to the American public for their own review upon which they could then form their own choice more accurately based on this information. The ca...

Profiling -marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Profiling -marketing plan - Essay Example As part of market plan, this paper analyses the segmented markets of this business and addresses its marketing opportunities in relation to its marketing mix elements. Mission Statement and marketing objectives of the GGI ‘To deliver quality home decor and gift items to the customers, by importing from quality suppliers abroad’ is the main mission that GGI would like to communicate to its customers. in order to achieve this mission and goal, the GGI plans to conduct its business based on following key marketing strategies: provide quality home decor and gifts to the customers, value their perceptions, make regular quality assurance and checks, take care of employees and respect the customers. This mission will be communicated to all of its stakeholders, because, as Ferrell and Hartline (2008) noted, a mission statement is an important portion of strategic marketing plan which mustn’t be kept confidential (p. 33). Market Profiling of GGI Market profiling is a metho d of plotting market action by organizing and collecting market-generated time, price and volume information in relation to specific product or service marketing. A market profiling helps a firm identify where from its majority of buyers come towards selecting its products (Person, 2004, p. 40). GGI has been successfully operating its business by selling home decors and gift items and based on the information it collected, the company plans to conducts its future marketing operation. Most customers are very likely to appeal to Asian decors and the company therefore plans to continue importing from Asian countries. It has been observed that the company gained more number of customer when the home decors and gift items have been priced between $20 to $80 per item. A high price, as observed, yields relatively less appeal from customers and therefore relatively less margins to the company. Targeted Markets The major segments that GGI targets consist of the following groups. 1) Generatio n A, mainly comprising of baby boomers who are married with kids, average educated and home owners who all are likely to stay in their own home. Their income is more than $20,000 and less than $50,000. 2) Generation B, mainly comprising of Affluent, who are married, average educated and their income is more that $50,000. 3) Generation C, who are well educated, married and are experiencing tremendous growth. They are sophisticated achievers and 30 + savvy business and other people. Out of 30+ million population in those three regions, the target market of GGI is between 5- 6 million, comprising of 2 million from Generation A, 1.5 million from Generation B, 1.3 million from Generation C and .2 million from other un-targeted groups. Marketing Mix strategies Product Element: The GGI plans to deliver quality home decors and gift items to the above detailed three segments and find quality goods according to varying needs and requirements of its customers. in order to ensure customer satis faction in relation to product quality, GGI plans to assign quality departments duties of regular check ups and make necessary actions to improve the quality of imported items. Company will focus on its brand GGI in a way that can be positioned better in customers’ mind so that it will create long term profitability as well as make them loyal customers (Wreden, 2007, p. 13) Price: GGI never plans to charge any higher amount than the reasonable price, being fixed on margin plus pricing policy. The

Cyber Security Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Cyber Security - Term Paper Example With the development of science and technology, the possibility of cyber threat increases. Cyber criminals vary from organized group of hackers supported by various kinds of political, ethical or retaliatory motives to virtual robbery activities, inspired by financial gain. It is vital for organizations to understand the profile and mode of operations of targeted areas. According to Martin (2013), â€Å"Targeted, organized and long-term threats categorized as â€Å"advanced persistent threats† can be a significant problem due to sophisticated technology, expert attackers and potentially Nation State sponsorship† (p.1). The main objective of this paper is to analyze the concept of cyber security in association with a recent international event. It analyses the possible threats that people may face in cyberspace. The paper seeks to answer questions related to cyber security such as: who is been harmed and by whom, what is the harm/causation, what is the broader implication of the harm and what is the major moral issue on hand. Most importantly, it will discuss how companies use such as rights theory, justice theory, an ethics of character, and an ethics of care while relating the same about the particular incident. The concept of cyber security in modern world is important to understand cyber threat. Cyber security is developed to protect the individual users as well as companies. The term cyber threat can be defined as an outsiders attempt to hamper the normal operation of any particular system which is designed to help the normal activities of the people in a society. Cyber threats can be a great danger for the financial sector, government, and the army. In countries such as USA, the statistics associated with the cyber-crime is increasing rapidly. With the situation so alarming, the President of USA, Barack Obama forced to declare the month of

Creating And Maintaining Stability In Ecosystem

Creating And Maintaining Stability In Ecosystem Ecosystem is a distinct space on earth where community of living organism including flora and fauna interact with the abiotic elements like air, water and soil as a system. The interaction between the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem is linked together through energy flows and nutrient cycles. Biologists define biodiversity as the totality of species, genes and ecosystems of a region. This encompasses genetic diversity, species diversity and the ecosystem diversity. Traditionally, the term was used to communicate the species richness of an area. The latter definition of biodiversity is used in this essay. The word stability is defined in detail in the relevant section. In broad terms, ecosystem stability is the capability of the ecosystem to return to its equilibrium state after a disruption. The essay tries to identify the ecosystem function, which should be the indicator to demonstrate the stability of the ecosystem. This document also studies the effect of various biodiversity factors, which can modify the stability of ecosystem. Framework for the Ecological Functions of Biodiversity Organisms in an ecosystem service themselves and carry out certain other functions, which benefit other organisms of the community. These functions are the ecological functions of biodiversity. These ecological functions are classified into four categories depending on the complexity of the services provided by these organisms. Complexity level 1: Functions performed primarily by Individual Organism Primary Production Energy fixed in the process of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis is called Primary Production. In photosynthesis sunlight is used as the source of energy and is fixed as carbohydrates, proteins fats and other organic compounds needed by all herbivores. In Chemosynthesis, oxidation or reduction of chemical compounds like that of sulpher is used for energy fixation. Variety of primary producers existing in an ecosystem has a direct influence in the diversity of herbivores, carnivores and detritivores in the ecosystem. Symbiotic associations among organisms can sometime increase Primary production. Oxygen Production Oxygen production is one important function of biodiversity. The primary producers produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis. Oxygen is required for respiration of aerobic biota and decomposition by detritivores. Oxygen is also required for Earths protective ozone shield. Sequestering of Carbon Dioxide Many organisms in the ecosystem does the function of removal of carbon dioxide from the earths atmosphere. They also help in removal of carbon dioxide from soil and water by process such as precipitation of calcium salts or amassing of organic deposits. Marine life like charophytes use carbon dioxide to make limestone plates; protozoans absorb dissolved carbon dioxide to create coral reefs; trees, shrubs and herbs use atmospheric carbon dioxide during the process of photosynthesis. Herbivory Herbivorous animals eat primary producers. Herbivory is the function of Herbivorous animals. Herbivorous organisms serve the function of feeding carnivorous animals and thus maintain the food chain and food web of the ecosystem. Carnivory Carnivorous animals eat other animals. Carnivory is the function of Carnivorous animals. The carnivorous organisms functions as the balancing force to regulate the population of the herbivorous organisms in an ecosystem. The trophic structures of an ecosystem would be simplified significantly if there are fewer carnivorous animals. Control of Erosion Erosion Control is a function provided by plants in a terrestrial ecosystem. The root growth of plants prevents soil erosion. Accumulation of litter and organic remnants of the plants helps in retaining and recycling nutrients. Consequently, the rate of soil build up will be faster than the erosion rate and thus control erosion. Aquatic plants play a vital role in the control of erosion in estuaries, riverine and marine ecosystem. Complexity level 2: Functions involving interactions among low numbers of different kinds of organisms Population Moderation Herbivores, Carnivores and Parasites deliver the function of population moderation in an ecosystem. Human species is the only species that could develop methods to control disease, parasites and predators selectively. This control measures has resulted in the elimination of natural method of population moderation for those selected species. Dispersal and Migration Dispersal/ Migration is an ecological function of organisms. The tendency of an organism to move away from its birth site is called natal dispersal and from its breeding site is called breeding dispersal. The seeds and spores normally undergo passive dispersal using agents such as wind, birds, animals etc. This process of dispersal facilitates the development of new adaptive variants, which could re-colonize and restore, an already destroyed or highly modified natural ecosystem. Migration is a mass directional movement of large numbers of organisms from one location to another. This is a tactical response to overcrowding in an unpredictable environment, which affect the survival. Migration can provide ecological links between different habitats. Symbiosis Symbiosis is a close and long-term, interaction between different species. These interractions may be mutually beneficial and the degree of benefit for each species is varied. Symbiosis is an ecological function of biodiversity. Pollination is one area where symbiosis is very evident. The pollinating agents like insects and birds pollinate different kinds of flowering plants. The plants respond to this by evolving different flowering-time sequence, floral fragrances and markings. The reduction in any one of the symbiotic species can reduce the possibility of new symbiosis and new life forms. Fragmentation of habitat, pollution and usage of pesticides affect symbiosis. This has resulted in extinction of many species of organisms in the ecosystem. Complexity level 3: Functions involving interactions among large numbers of different organisms Bioturbation Bioturbation is the activity of reworking of soils and sediments by flora and fauna of the habitat. This is a ecological function essential to maintain the quality of the abiotic ecosystem. Bioturbation affects the texture of sediments, bioirrigation, displacement of abiotic particles and microorganisms. The growth of roots, tunneling by worms, burrowing by animals, ingestion and defecation of sediment grains, infilling of abandoned dwellings displace sediment grains and modify the sediment composition. Climate Moderation Climate moderation is an ecological function of biodiversity. Climate affects the biodiversity of an ecosystem and the biodiversity affects the climate of the ecosystem. Macroclimate of a region is an abiotic factor, which affects the biodiversity of the region. The flora and fauna of a desert habitat is quite different from that of the tropical rain forests. This is especially true before establishing the vegetation in the region. Once the vegetation is established, the ecosystem will start influencing the climate. The transpiration from forest canopies and other vegetation can increase atmospheric humidity which can influence the rainfall. Plants have an important effect on the microclimate of an ecosystem. Trees and shrubs affect the shade and humidity, which can affect the other biodiversity of the area. Decomposition Decomposition is an essential function to ensure natural recycling of residues of life. Decomposition requires oxygen. Primary detritivorous organisms consume free organic molecules and metabolize to create nutritive blocks, which are required by primary producers in a habitat. Secondary detritivorous organisms digest all kind of plant and animal tissues both dead and alive. Mineralizing bacteria has the capability to metabolize toxic organic compounds and return harmless mineral matter. They play an important role in detoxifying soils, waters of the ecosystem. Creation and Maintenance of Ecosystem Structures Creating and maintaining a Ecosystem structure is a function of biodiversity. The evolution of different phyla into multicellular structures was derived from this ecological function. A tree can accommodate many other organisms like nesting birds, wood-boring insects and other parasites. Communication Communication is a profound function of biodiversity. The individual organisms of the same species and organisms of different species have diverse methods to communicate. These communication methods are essential for food gathering, courtship, herding, migration, flocking, escaping from carnivores and parenting. Methods used by organisms for communication could be sight, sound, smell, taste, radar, sonar, electric currents etc. The communication significantly improves with the evolution of biodiversity. Many specialized flowers reflect ultraviolet light, which can be seen only by some pollinating insects. Complexity level 4: Ecosystem Functions and Process Food Webs and Chains -Trophic Structure Trophic structure is the movement of energy through organisms in a community. This is an important ecological function, which enables species to utilize alternate trophic pathways, and shift from one to another depending on availability and thus meet the energy requirement. The species with multiple links in the food web has better survival rate than those with limited links. As the biodiversity evolves, the trophic structure will become complex and highly interlinked. Nutrient Cycling Nutrient Cycling is the movement and exchange of inorganic and organic matter back into the production of living organisms. The process of nutrient recycling is regulated through food webs pathways, which decompose matter into mineral nutrients. This is an ecological function, which describes the transport of nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and trace elements through living tissue and the abiotic part of ecosystem. Nutrient cycling is a complex process, which affects the existence of ecosystem and the population of species in it. Stability Stability is the factor that ensures the movement of ecosphere at a steady rate with no drastic change from its equilibrium. The stability is a very complex function with correlation factor mapping to all other ecological functions in various degrees. Redundancy is an important factor that provides long term resilience to the ecosystem. Similarly the Generalist Behavior of the species in the ecosystem reduces the risk of instability. Other important factor, which promotes stability, is the existence of Keystone species, which has higher influence over the entire biodiversity. The real long term stability can be evaluated by the ecosystems capability for ecological succession. The function of stability in an ecosystem is further elaborated in next section. Harmony Harmony is the ecological function of biodiversity. Harmony in nature is pervasive, diverse and persistent. This exists at all levels necessary for the maintenance of the ecosystem. Harmony means the peaceful coexistence of different elements of the ecosystem like biotic and abiotic; flora and fauna; herbivores and carnivores etc. Another aspect of harmony is the inherent capacity for many life forms to live together within a larger ecosystem, and to make linkages, symbioses and co-adaptations. Stability Ecological stability is the measure of its immunity from perturbation. Ecologists define perturbation or disturbance as any relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes resources, substrate availability, or the physical environment (White and Pickett 1985:7). Terminologies used to define Stability The definition for the Stability of an ecosystem is currently not very precise. However the most accurate details for stability is provided by Orions (1974) where he has suggested that stability may mean many different things: the absence of change (constancy), the length of survival (persistence), resistance to perturbation (inertia), speed of return after perturbation (elasticity), the displacement from which return is possible (amplitude), the degree of oscillation (cyclic stability), and the tendency to move towards a similar end point (trajectory stability). The scientists over a period of time have used the above terminologies interchangeably and hence there is no common understanding. This essay uses the below mentioned definitions for clarity. In the above terminologies, the persistence and elasticity have units in time (t) while Inertia and amplitude are expressed as functions of perturbation (x). If Persistence is TP, Inertia is i(x), Elasticity is TE, and Amplitude is a(x). When a perturbation is applied on an ecosystem, the ecosystem resist the disturbance by Inertia i(x) for a persistence period TP upto which the ecosystem can survive. If the cause for the disturbance can be absorbed or outdone, the system will persist and this is called resilience of the ecosystem. Similarly when a perturbation is lesser than the amplitude a(x), then ecosystem tries to get back to its previously established stable state within an Elasticity period of TE. This is called Stability of the ecosystem. (Kolding, J. 1997. Diversity, Disturbance and Dubious Dogma.) Ecosystem Model The ecological stability is a complex function, which has direct and indirect relationships with all the other ecosystem functions and other abiotic factors. For Example, the stability of the ecosystem has a relationship with other complex functions like trophic structure and nutrient cycling. These sub functions are further related to many other ecological functions like Primary Production, Herbivory, Carnivory, detritivory, Symbiosis etc. Similarly factors like natural abiotic perturbations such as wildfire, earthquake etc OR Anthropogenic perturbations like Oil-spill, building of dams etc. also affects the stability of the ecosystem. Effort of scientists to model an ecosystem was not very successful because of the complexity of the model. The parameters involved in the model are dynamic and has multiple linkages to other parameters. Scientists attempted Lyapunov stability model for non-linear systems to model the ecosystem. However the results of the model is still under investigation with conflicting views about its utility. The ecosystem modeling is a time consuming and resource hungry exercise and model can vary between different ecosystems. The primary task of stability modeling is to find the correlation of biodiversity and their different ecosystem function with different reasons of perturbation. These factors can then be integrated into a model. The effectiveness of the model need to be further tweaked through studies and investigations. Scientists believe that best method to test the applicability of this stability model is by using it to analyze ecological destructions. The projects like Biosphere 2 can contribute in developing the model. Redundancy Scientist believe that higher biodiversity in an ecosystem provides better stability. Department of Environmental Science and Policy, California in 1999 conducted a study on the effect of biodiversity on the ecosystem function. In this study, the correlation of biodiversity and Ecosystem functions were qualitatively assessed to identify to one of the types of graphs shown below. The study concluded that Although 19 of 20 experimental tests identified a generally positive relationship between species number and ecosystem function, only 3 identified a type A response curve. Thus it can be concluded that the stability of the ecosystem and biodiversity are generally maintaining a Type B graph. This means that stability of the ecosystem does not improve much once the biodiversity has achieved the saturation level. However, the study assessed the linkages between stability and biodiversity through indirect means. The assumption of the scientists that higher ecosystem function means better stability is yet to be proved. Further the study did not use perturbations to measure the elasticity and amplitude of the ecosystem, which are more direct means to assess stability. The species richness in the ecosystem beyond saturation point is the redundancy in biodiversity. This redundancy in biodiversity is an important factor, which helps stability of an ecosystem to recover from the effects of perturbation. This is theoretically demonstrated using Reliability Engineering principles by University of Minnesota. If a perturbation affects population of a species in the biodiversity, the equivalent redundant species will take its role and keep the population of dependent species unaffected. This provides improved elasticity to the ecosystem. Keystone species Keystone species are the important species of an ecosystem whose absence is detrimental to the persistence of other species. Paine (1969) was the first researcher to coin the term keystone species. According to him, keystone species are species of high trophic status whose activities exert a disproportionate influence on the pattern of species diversity in a community. The above definition did not help ecosystem managers and conservationist to identify the real keystone species. Hence keystone species was redefined as a strongly interacting species whose top-down effect on species diversity and competition is large relative to its biomass dominance within a functional group. Keystone species support the stability of the ecosystem mainly in three ways. Keystone predators maintain the population of lower level competitors and thus allow other species to survive. The typical case of key stone predator controlling other low level competitors is that of the sea otter of West Coast of North America. Sea otters kept the population of sea urchins in check. In 18th and 19th centuries, sea otters were hunted to the point of near extinction. This resulted in the population explosion of sea urchin. Sea urchins decimated kelp beds, which was critical for spawning fish. This caused reduction in fish population and affected the fishing community of the region. Later an international treaty was signed to protect sea otters. Consequently, in many regions where sea otter population could recover, fish catch improved. Keystone symbiotists provide resources for other organisms. For example, in Western Australia, a tree, Acorn Banksia is the only source of nectar for honeyeaters in certain period of year. Loss of this species of tree would cause population collapse for honeyeaters (pollinators) and consequently the pollination of other plants would be affected. Thus the implication of losing this keystone mutualist species has profound effect on the ecosystem. Keystone Engineers shape the environment for other organisms. In the African savanna, the tree shade prevents growth of grass. Grass is a primary source of energy for herbivores. Elephants help in destroying trees and make room for grassland to develop. If this keystone engineer is removed from the ecosystem, within a few years, the populations of herbivores like antelopes, zebras, and deers would shrink. Generalist Behavior A generalist species are species, which can survive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and varied diet. For Example, raccoon, which is found in North and Central America, is adoptable to wide range of environmental condition. It is omnivorous and eats berries, eggs, insects and small animals. On the contrary, specialist species can thrive only in a limited range of environmental condition and can consume restricted diet. Koala, a monophagous organism, eats only eucalyptus leaves, is a typical example for specialist species. Generalists have higher threshold to survive a perturbation and hence higher persistence. Thus an ecosystem with a predominantly generalist biodiversity is more stable than a specialist biodiversity. Scientists believe that the toxins like allelochemicals, tannins, oxalates, terpenoids, alkaloids contained in the diet of many specialist-herbivores are higher than what other animals can afford to consume. In the absence of these specialists, population of toxic biodiversity cannot be kept in check. This would result in the reduction of population of other organisms and thus affect the stability of ecosystem indirectly. Thus the specialists also play a vital role in overall stability. However, their own existence itself is precariously balanced by their special requirements. Ecological Succession: Ecological Succession is defined as a continuous directional change in an ecosystem over a longer time frame, which involves change in the composition and organization of the ecological community. During this period depending on the genetic traits, the population of certain species may diminish or flourish. In certain cases, depending on the type of perturbations, new variants of species may evolve which is more adaptable to the changes. Scientists believe that ecological succession bring in stability. The growth of hardwood trees like oak within the red pine forest is a typical example of ecological succession. The seedlings of hardwood trees are shade-tolerant while the pine tree seedlings need sun to thrive. Hence growth of pine tree seedlings in the shaded forest floor is difficult while the Oak seedlings would flourish. Over a period of time, oak would replace the red pine forest and would support a stable ecosystem for a longer time. Extinction of certain variants and evolution of new variants are symptoms of a vibrant ecosystem. Though these ecosystems may appear unstable over a short duration, these structures would last longer and hence stable in the real sense. Stability of Natural Ecosystem and Artificial Ecosystem All the above-mentioned factors affecting the stability of Ecosystem are more applicable to a natural ecosystem. In an artificial ecosystem, human beings modify the ecosystem and play a more vital role in regulating the ecosystem functions by a process of feedbacks and control action. Human is the only species, which could consistently maintain and increase the population over longer period of time. This is attributed to his ability to analyze the cause for perturbation and take necessary control measure. But mostly his response does not consider the effect of his control action to the biodiversity in the ecosystem. This leads to higher instability in the system. Indiscriminate usage of pesticides to protect agriculture is a classic example of such activity. The pesticide while eliminating the pests would kill its natural enemies and would increase pest resistance. Pesticide also contaminates unintended water source and land when they are allowed run off fields or sprayed aerially which would destroy other biodiversity and thus reduce stability. Conclusion Biodiversity plays a vital role in maintaining stability in a natural ecosystem. However, to prove the statement quantitatively, lot more research have to take place. Developing an ecosystem model and perfecting the model through analysis on a continuous basis will be the step to understand this issue more accurately. The short term and long term study on the stability is needed to understand the impact of biodiversity on the ecosystem. The changes in the ecosystem exhibited during the ecological succession process can be misunderstood for instability. In fact, the ecological succession process improves the stability of the ecosystem. This raises the question whether the extinction of species happening now is a part of ecological succession. With the burgeoning of human population, more part of ecosystem may require large-scale modification and artificial control measures to support the trophic structure. This has to be carried out responsibly without impairing the stability of the ecosystem.

Concert Attendance Report Essay

I am a casual listener because I like having music playing, filling the environment with sounds. I can listen to music while studying and sleeping, and I like listening to music because it can make me relax and ignore the noise that around me. I attended the concert on October 5 at 8:00pm. Contrapunctus XIX, from The Art of the Fugue, BWV 1080 by Johann Sebastian Bach, Metamorphosen by Richard Strauss and Symphony No.7 in A major, Op.92 by Ludwig Van Beethoven were performed. The style of Contrapunctus XIX, from The Art of the Fugue, BWV 1080 is set progresses to double, triple, and mirror fugues, culminating in a quadruple fugue. Metamorphosen is a memorial elegy. Symphony No.7 in A major, Op.92 is in four movements, Poco sostenuto – Vivace, Allegretto, Presto and Allegro con brio. The orchestra had violins, violas, cellos, basses, flutes, piccolo, oboes, English horn, clarinets, bassoons, horns, trumpets, trombones, tuba, keyboards and harp. Contrapunctus XIX, from The Art of the Fugue, BWV 1080 is an unfinished work by Johann Sebastian Bach. The Art of the Fugue is a set of fugues of increasing complexity using every theoretical device. The set progresses to double, triple and mirror fugues, culminating in a quadruple fugue that was incomplete because of Bach’s death, and his son arranged for him. Bach is the Baroque composer. Contrapunctus XIX was incorporating counterpoint, and explicitly and systematically explored the full range of contrapuntal. The volume of this piece is soft. Its tempo is Adagio or Lento (slow). Its contour repeated pitch melody, direction is static, and had a narrow range. Its rhythm is alternation of tension and relaxation. It is a strophic form. It is a classical music. Metamorphosen by Richard Strauss. This piece uses as its primary motivic element a passage from the funeral march in Beethoven’s Eroica Symphony. Its tempo is andante (at leisurely walking speed). Its volume is crescendo (becoming louder). Its rhythm is alternation of tension and relaxation. Its contour jagged melody, direction is static, and had a wide range. It is a  repetition and contrast which is ternary form. It is a romantic music. Symphony No.7 in A major, Op.92 by Ludwig Van Beethoven. The Seventh Symphony is in four movements. After a slow introduction (as in the First, Second and Fourth Symphonies) the first movement is in sonata form and is dominated by lively dance-like rhythms. The second movement, in A minor, is â€Å"slow†, although the tempo marking is _Allegretto_ (â€Å"a little quickly†), making it slow only in comparison to the other three movements. This movement was encored at the premiere and has remained popular since. The ostinato (repeated rhythmic figure) of a quarter note, two eighth notes and two quarter notes is heard repeatedly. The third movement is a scherzo and trio. Here, the trio (which is based on an Austrian Pilgrims’ hymn[2]) is played twice rather than once. This expansion of the usual A-B-A structure of ternary form into A-B-A-B- A was quite common in other works of Beethoven of this period, such as his Fourth Symphony and String Quartet Op. 59 No. 2. The last movement is in sonata form. Donald Francis Tovey, writing in his _Essays in Musical Analysis_, commented on this movement’s â€Å"Bacchic fury†. Its volume is crescendo (becoming louder). Its rhythm is tension. Its contour jagged melody, direction is upward, and had a wide range. It is a repetition and contrast which is ternary form. It is a classical music. I enjoyed the concert so much because I like Beethoven’s music, and I am so happy to see such a large orchestra! I have never seen it before. I am looking forward to attend it again.