Creating And Maintaining Stability In Ecosystem

Creating And Maintaining Stability In Ecosystem Ecosystem is a distinct space on earth where community of living organism including flora and fauna interact with the abiotic elements like air, water and soil as a system. The interaction between the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem is linked together through energy flows and nutrient cycles. Biologists define biodiversity as the totality of species, genes and ecosystems of a region. This encompasses genetic diversity, species diversity and the ecosystem diversity. Traditionally, the term was used to communicate the species richness of an area. The latter definition of biodiversity is used in this essay. The word stability is defined in detail in the relevant section. In broad terms, ecosystem stability is the capability of the ecosystem to return to its equilibrium state after a disruption. The essay tries to identify the ecosystem function, which should be the indicator to demonstrate the stability of the ecosystem. This document also studies the effect of various biodiversity factors, which can modify the stability of ecosystem. Framework for the Ecological Functions of Biodiversity Organisms in an ecosystem service themselves and carry out certain other functions, which benefit other organisms of the community. These functions are the ecological functions of biodiversity. These ecological functions are classified into four categories depending on the complexity of the services provided by these organisms. Complexity level 1: Functions performed primarily by Individual Organism Primary Production Energy fixed in the process of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis is called Primary Production. In photosynthesis sunlight is used as the source of energy and is fixed as carbohydrates, proteins fats and other organic compounds needed by all herbivores. In Chemosynthesis, oxidation or reduction of chemical compounds like that of sulpher is used for energy fixation. Variety of primary producers existing in an ecosystem has a direct influence in the diversity of herbivores, carnivores and detritivores in the ecosystem. Symbiotic associations among organisms can sometime increase Primary production. Oxygen Production Oxygen production is one important function of biodiversity. The primary producers produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis. Oxygen is required for respiration of aerobic biota and decomposition by detritivores. Oxygen is also required for Earths protective ozone shield. Sequestering of Carbon Dioxide Many organisms in the ecosystem does the function of removal of carbon dioxide from the earths atmosphere. They also help in removal of carbon dioxide from soil and water by process such as precipitation of calcium salts or amassing of organic deposits. Marine life like charophytes use carbon dioxide to make limestone plates; protozoans absorb dissolved carbon dioxide to create coral reefs; trees, shrubs and herbs use atmospheric carbon dioxide during the process of photosynthesis. Herbivory Herbivorous animals eat primary producers. Herbivory is the function of Herbivorous animals. Herbivorous organisms serve the function of feeding carnivorous animals and thus maintain the food chain and food web of the ecosystem. Carnivory Carnivorous animals eat other animals. Carnivory is the function of Carnivorous animals. The carnivorous organisms functions as the balancing force to regulate the population of the herbivorous organisms in an ecosystem. The trophic structures of an ecosystem would be simplified significantly if there are fewer carnivorous animals. Control of Erosion Erosion Control is a function provided by plants in a terrestrial ecosystem. The root growth of plants prevents soil erosion. Accumulation of litter and organic remnants of the plants helps in retaining and recycling nutrients. Consequently, the rate of soil build up will be faster than the erosion rate and thus control erosion. Aquatic plants play a vital role in the control of erosion in estuaries, riverine and marine ecosystem. Complexity level 2: Functions involving interactions among low numbers of different kinds of organisms Population Moderation Herbivores, Carnivores and Parasites deliver the function of population moderation in an ecosystem. Human species is the only species that could develop methods to control disease, parasites and predators selectively. This control measures has resulted in the elimination of natural method of population moderation for those selected species. Dispersal and Migration Dispersal/ Migration is an ecological function of organisms. The tendency of an organism to move away from its birth site is called natal dispersal and from its breeding site is called breeding dispersal. The seeds and spores normally undergo passive dispersal using agents such as wind, birds, animals etc. This process of dispersal facilitates the development of new adaptive variants, which could re-colonize and restore, an already destroyed or highly modified natural ecosystem. Migration is a mass directional movement of large numbers of organisms from one location to another. This is a tactical response to overcrowding in an unpredictable environment, which affect the survival. Migration can provide ecological links between different habitats. Symbiosis Symbiosis is a close and long-term, interaction between different species. These interractions may be mutually beneficial and the degree of benefit for each species is varied. Symbiosis is an ecological function of biodiversity. Pollination is one area where symbiosis is very evident. The pollinating agents like insects and birds pollinate different kinds of flowering plants. The plants respond to this by evolving different flowering-time sequence, floral fragrances and markings. The reduction in any one of the symbiotic species can reduce the possibility of new symbiosis and new life forms. Fragmentation of habitat, pollution and usage of pesticides affect symbiosis. This has resulted in extinction of many species of organisms in the ecosystem. Complexity level 3: Functions involving interactions among large numbers of different organisms Bioturbation Bioturbation is the activity of reworking of soils and sediments by flora and fauna of the habitat. This is a ecological function essential to maintain the quality of the abiotic ecosystem. Bioturbation affects the texture of sediments, bioirrigation, displacement of abiotic particles and microorganisms. The growth of roots, tunneling by worms, burrowing by animals, ingestion and defecation of sediment grains, infilling of abandoned dwellings displace sediment grains and modify the sediment composition. Climate Moderation Climate moderation is an ecological function of biodiversity. Climate affects the biodiversity of an ecosystem and the biodiversity affects the climate of the ecosystem. Macroclimate of a region is an abiotic factor, which affects the biodiversity of the region. The flora and fauna of a desert habitat is quite different from that of the tropical rain forests. This is especially true before establishing the vegetation in the region. Once the vegetation is established, the ecosystem will start influencing the climate. The transpiration from forest canopies and other vegetation can increase atmospheric humidity which can influence the rainfall. Plants have an important effect on the microclimate of an ecosystem. Trees and shrubs affect the shade and humidity, which can affect the other biodiversity of the area. Decomposition Decomposition is an essential function to ensure natural recycling of residues of life. Decomposition requires oxygen. Primary detritivorous organisms consume free organic molecules and metabolize to create nutritive blocks, which are required by primary producers in a habitat. Secondary detritivorous organisms digest all kind of plant and animal tissues both dead and alive. Mineralizing bacteria has the capability to metabolize toxic organic compounds and return harmless mineral matter. They play an important role in detoxifying soils, waters of the ecosystem. Creation and Maintenance of Ecosystem Structures Creating and maintaining a Ecosystem structure is a function of biodiversity. The evolution of different phyla into multicellular structures was derived from this ecological function. A tree can accommodate many other organisms like nesting birds, wood-boring insects and other parasites. Communication Communication is a profound function of biodiversity. The individual organisms of the same species and organisms of different species have diverse methods to communicate. These communication methods are essential for food gathering, courtship, herding, migration, flocking, escaping from carnivores and parenting. Methods used by organisms for communication could be sight, sound, smell, taste, radar, sonar, electric currents etc. The communication significantly improves with the evolution of biodiversity. Many specialized flowers reflect ultraviolet light, which can be seen only by some pollinating insects. Complexity level 4: Ecosystem Functions and Process Food Webs and Chains -Trophic Structure Trophic structure is the movement of energy through organisms in a community. This is an important ecological function, which enables species to utilize alternate trophic pathways, and shift from one to another depending on availability and thus meet the energy requirement. The species with multiple links in the food web has better survival rate than those with limited links. As the biodiversity evolves, the trophic structure will become complex and highly interlinked. Nutrient Cycling Nutrient Cycling is the movement and exchange of inorganic and organic matter back into the production of living organisms. The process of nutrient recycling is regulated through food webs pathways, which decompose matter into mineral nutrients. This is an ecological function, which describes the transport of nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and trace elements through living tissue and the abiotic part of ecosystem. Nutrient cycling is a complex process, which affects the existence of ecosystem and the population of species in it. Stability Stability is the factor that ensures the movement of ecosphere at a steady rate with no drastic change from its equilibrium. The stability is a very complex function with correlation factor mapping to all other ecological functions in various degrees. Redundancy is an important factor that provides long term resilience to the ecosystem. Similarly the Generalist Behavior of the species in the ecosystem reduces the risk of instability. Other important factor, which promotes stability, is the existence of Keystone species, which has higher influence over the entire biodiversity. The real long term stability can be evaluated by the ecosystems capability for ecological succession. The function of stability in an ecosystem is further elaborated in next section. Harmony Harmony is the ecological function of biodiversity. Harmony in nature is pervasive, diverse and persistent. This exists at all levels necessary for the maintenance of the ecosystem. Harmony means the peaceful coexistence of different elements of the ecosystem like biotic and abiotic; flora and fauna; herbivores and carnivores etc. Another aspect of harmony is the inherent capacity for many life forms to live together within a larger ecosystem, and to make linkages, symbioses and co-adaptations. Stability Ecological stability is the measure of its immunity from perturbation. Ecologists define perturbation or disturbance as any relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes resources, substrate availability, or the physical environment (White and Pickett 1985:7). Terminologies used to define Stability The definition for the Stability of an ecosystem is currently not very precise. However the most accurate details for stability is provided by Orions (1974) where he has suggested that stability may mean many different things: the absence of change (constancy), the length of survival (persistence), resistance to perturbation (inertia), speed of return after perturbation (elasticity), the displacement from which return is possible (amplitude), the degree of oscillation (cyclic stability), and the tendency to move towards a similar end point (trajectory stability). The scientists over a period of time have used the above terminologies interchangeably and hence there is no common understanding. This essay uses the below mentioned definitions for clarity. In the above terminologies, the persistence and elasticity have units in time (t) while Inertia and amplitude are expressed as functions of perturbation (x). If Persistence is TP, Inertia is i(x), Elasticity is TE, and Amplitude is a(x). When a perturbation is applied on an ecosystem, the ecosystem resist the disturbance by Inertia i(x) for a persistence period TP upto which the ecosystem can survive. If the cause for the disturbance can be absorbed or outdone, the system will persist and this is called resilience of the ecosystem. Similarly when a perturbation is lesser than the amplitude a(x), then ecosystem tries to get back to its previously established stable state within an Elasticity period of TE. This is called Stability of the ecosystem. (Kolding, J. 1997. Diversity, Disturbance and Dubious Dogma.) Ecosystem Model The ecological stability is a complex function, which has direct and indirect relationships with all the other ecosystem functions and other abiotic factors. For Example, the stability of the ecosystem has a relationship with other complex functions like trophic structure and nutrient cycling. These sub functions are further related to many other ecological functions like Primary Production, Herbivory, Carnivory, detritivory, Symbiosis etc. Similarly factors like natural abiotic perturbations such as wildfire, earthquake etc OR Anthropogenic perturbations like Oil-spill, building of dams etc. also affects the stability of the ecosystem. Effort of scientists to model an ecosystem was not very successful because of the complexity of the model. The parameters involved in the model are dynamic and has multiple linkages to other parameters. Scientists attempted Lyapunov stability model for non-linear systems to model the ecosystem. However the results of the model is still under investigation with conflicting views about its utility. The ecosystem modeling is a time consuming and resource hungry exercise and model can vary between different ecosystems. The primary task of stability modeling is to find the correlation of biodiversity and their different ecosystem function with different reasons of perturbation. These factors can then be integrated into a model. The effectiveness of the model need to be further tweaked through studies and investigations. Scientists believe that best method to test the applicability of this stability model is by using it to analyze ecological destructions. The projects like Biosphere 2 can contribute in developing the model. Redundancy Scientist believe that higher biodiversity in an ecosystem provides better stability. Department of Environmental Science and Policy, California in 1999 conducted a study on the effect of biodiversity on the ecosystem function. In this study, the correlation of biodiversity and Ecosystem functions were qualitatively assessed to identify to one of the types of graphs shown below. The study concluded that Although 19 of 20 experimental tests identified a generally positive relationship between species number and ecosystem function, only 3 identified a type A response curve. Thus it can be concluded that the stability of the ecosystem and biodiversity are generally maintaining a Type B graph. This means that stability of the ecosystem does not improve much once the biodiversity has achieved the saturation level. However, the study assessed the linkages between stability and biodiversity through indirect means. The assumption of the scientists that higher ecosystem function means better stability is yet to be proved. Further the study did not use perturbations to measure the elasticity and amplitude of the ecosystem, which are more direct means to assess stability. The species richness in the ecosystem beyond saturation point is the redundancy in biodiversity. This redundancy in biodiversity is an important factor, which helps stability of an ecosystem to recover from the effects of perturbation. This is theoretically demonstrated using Reliability Engineering principles by University of Minnesota. If a perturbation affects population of a species in the biodiversity, the equivalent redundant species will take its role and keep the population of dependent species unaffected. This provides improved elasticity to the ecosystem. Keystone species Keystone species are the important species of an ecosystem whose absence is detrimental to the persistence of other species. Paine (1969) was the first researcher to coin the term keystone species. According to him, keystone species are species of high trophic status whose activities exert a disproportionate influence on the pattern of species diversity in a community. The above definition did not help ecosystem managers and conservationist to identify the real keystone species. Hence keystone species was redefined as a strongly interacting species whose top-down effect on species diversity and competition is large relative to its biomass dominance within a functional group. Keystone species support the stability of the ecosystem mainly in three ways. Keystone predators maintain the population of lower level competitors and thus allow other species to survive. The typical case of key stone predator controlling other low level competitors is that of the sea otter of West Coast of North America. Sea otters kept the population of sea urchins in check. In 18th and 19th centuries, sea otters were hunted to the point of near extinction. This resulted in the population explosion of sea urchin. Sea urchins decimated kelp beds, which was critical for spawning fish. This caused reduction in fish population and affected the fishing community of the region. Later an international treaty was signed to protect sea otters. Consequently, in many regions where sea otter population could recover, fish catch improved. Keystone symbiotists provide resources for other organisms. For example, in Western Australia, a tree, Acorn Banksia is the only source of nectar for honeyeaters in certain period of year. Loss of this species of tree would cause population collapse for honeyeaters (pollinators) and consequently the pollination of other plants would be affected. Thus the implication of losing this keystone mutualist species has profound effect on the ecosystem. Keystone Engineers shape the environment for other organisms. In the African savanna, the tree shade prevents growth of grass. Grass is a primary source of energy for herbivores. Elephants help in destroying trees and make room for grassland to develop. If this keystone engineer is removed from the ecosystem, within a few years, the populations of herbivores like antelopes, zebras, and deers would shrink. Generalist Behavior A generalist species are species, which can survive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and varied diet. For Example, raccoon, which is found in North and Central America, is adoptable to wide range of environmental condition. It is omnivorous and eats berries, eggs, insects and small animals. On the contrary, specialist species can thrive only in a limited range of environmental condition and can consume restricted diet. Koala, a monophagous organism, eats only eucalyptus leaves, is a typical example for specialist species. Generalists have higher threshold to survive a perturbation and hence higher persistence. Thus an ecosystem with a predominantly generalist biodiversity is more stable than a specialist biodiversity. Scientists believe that the toxins like allelochemicals, tannins, oxalates, terpenoids, alkaloids contained in the diet of many specialist-herbivores are higher than what other animals can afford to consume. In the absence of these specialists, population of toxic biodiversity cannot be kept in check. This would result in the reduction of population of other organisms and thus affect the stability of ecosystem indirectly. Thus the specialists also play a vital role in overall stability. However, their own existence itself is precariously balanced by their special requirements. Ecological Succession: Ecological Succession is defined as a continuous directional change in an ecosystem over a longer time frame, which involves change in the composition and organization of the ecological community. During this period depending on the genetic traits, the population of certain species may diminish or flourish. In certain cases, depending on the type of perturbations, new variants of species may evolve which is more adaptable to the changes. Scientists believe that ecological succession bring in stability. The growth of hardwood trees like oak within the red pine forest is a typical example of ecological succession. The seedlings of hardwood trees are shade-tolerant while the pine tree seedlings need sun to thrive. Hence growth of pine tree seedlings in the shaded forest floor is difficult while the Oak seedlings would flourish. Over a period of time, oak would replace the red pine forest and would support a stable ecosystem for a longer time. Extinction of certain variants and evolution of new variants are symptoms of a vibrant ecosystem. Though these ecosystems may appear unstable over a short duration, these structures would last longer and hence stable in the real sense. Stability of Natural Ecosystem and Artificial Ecosystem All the above-mentioned factors affecting the stability of Ecosystem are more applicable to a natural ecosystem. In an artificial ecosystem, human beings modify the ecosystem and play a more vital role in regulating the ecosystem functions by a process of feedbacks and control action. Human is the only species, which could consistently maintain and increase the population over longer period of time. This is attributed to his ability to analyze the cause for perturbation and take necessary control measure. But mostly his response does not consider the effect of his control action to the biodiversity in the ecosystem. This leads to higher instability in the system. Indiscriminate usage of pesticides to protect agriculture is a classic example of such activity. The pesticide while eliminating the pests would kill its natural enemies and would increase pest resistance. Pesticide also contaminates unintended water source and land when they are allowed run off fields or sprayed aerially which would destroy other biodiversity and thus reduce stability. Conclusion Biodiversity plays a vital role in maintaining stability in a natural ecosystem. However, to prove the statement quantitatively, lot more research have to take place. Developing an ecosystem model and perfecting the model through analysis on a continuous basis will be the step to understand this issue more accurately. The short term and long term study on the stability is needed to understand the impact of biodiversity on the ecosystem. The changes in the ecosystem exhibited during the ecological succession process can be misunderstood for instability. In fact, the ecological succession process improves the stability of the ecosystem. This raises the question whether the extinction of species happening now is a part of ecological succession. With the burgeoning of human population, more part of ecosystem may require large-scale modification and artificial control measures to support the trophic structure. This has to be carried out responsibly without impairing the stability of the ecosystem.

Concert Attendance Report Essay

I am a casual listener because I like having music playing, filling the environment with sounds. I can listen to music while studying and sleeping, and I like listening to music because it can make me relax and ignore the noise that around me. I attended the concert on October 5 at 8:00pm. Contrapunctus XIX, from The Art of the Fugue, BWV 1080 by Johann Sebastian Bach, Metamorphosen by Richard Strauss and Symphony No.7 in A major, Op.92 by Ludwig Van Beethoven were performed. The style of Contrapunctus XIX, from The Art of the Fugue, BWV 1080 is set progresses to double, triple, and mirror fugues, culminating in a quadruple fugue. Metamorphosen is a memorial elegy. Symphony No.7 in A major, Op.92 is in four movements, Poco sostenuto – Vivace, Allegretto, Presto and Allegro con brio. The orchestra had violins, violas, cellos, basses, flutes, piccolo, oboes, English horn, clarinets, bassoons, horns, trumpets, trombones, tuba, keyboards and harp. Contrapunctus XIX, from The Art of the Fugue, BWV 1080 is an unfinished work by Johann Sebastian Bach. The Art of the Fugue is a set of fugues of increasing complexity using every theoretical device. The set progresses to double, triple and mirror fugues, culminating in a quadruple fugue that was incomplete because of Bach’s death, and his son arranged for him. Bach is the Baroque composer. Contrapunctus XIX was incorporating counterpoint, and explicitly and systematically explored the full range of contrapuntal. The volume of this piece is soft. Its tempo is Adagio or Lento (slow). Its contour repeated pitch melody, direction is static, and had a narrow range. Its rhythm is alternation of tension and relaxation. It is a strophic form. It is a classical music. Metamorphosen by Richard Strauss. This piece uses as its primary motivic element a passage from the funeral march in Beethoven’s Eroica Symphony. Its tempo is andante (at leisurely walking speed). Its volume is crescendo (becoming louder). Its rhythm is alternation of tension and relaxation. Its contour jagged melody, direction is static, and had a wide range. It is a  repetition and contrast which is ternary form. It is a romantic music. Symphony No.7 in A major, Op.92 by Ludwig Van Beethoven. The Seventh Symphony is in four movements. After a slow introduction (as in the First, Second and Fourth Symphonies) the first movement is in sonata form and is dominated by lively dance-like rhythms. The second movement, in A minor, is â€Å"slow†, although the tempo marking is _Allegretto_ (â€Å"a little quickly†), making it slow only in comparison to the other three movements. This movement was encored at the premiere and has remained popular since. The ostinato (repeated rhythmic figure) of a quarter note, two eighth notes and two quarter notes is heard repeatedly. The third movement is a scherzo and trio. Here, the trio (which is based on an Austrian Pilgrims’ hymn[2]) is played twice rather than once. This expansion of the usual A-B-A structure of ternary form into A-B-A-B- A was quite common in other works of Beethoven of this period, such as his Fourth Symphony and String Quartet Op. 59 No. 2. The last movement is in sonata form. Donald Francis Tovey, writing in his _Essays in Musical Analysis_, commented on this movement’s â€Å"Bacchic fury†. Its volume is crescendo (becoming louder). Its rhythm is tension. Its contour jagged melody, direction is upward, and had a wide range. It is a repetition and contrast which is ternary form. It is a classical music. I enjoyed the concert so much because I like Beethoven’s music, and I am so happy to see such a large orchestra! I have never seen it before. I am looking forward to attend it again.

Green marketing Essay

With the rise of growing consciousness for environmental protection, people are now becoming more less-sensitive with price premiums as long as they earn the benefits of these eco-products. This environmental concern revolution has begun to also uncover the various factors that enable consumers to purchase these specially-packaged products. This stage was able to assess the following: (a) price sensitivity issues, (b) package convenience, (c) environmentally-concerned, and symbolic environmentally-concerned aspects of the individual which are depicted in the results made by the Mintell Poll in Great Britain. From the study of the poll, a considerable number of people are concerned on putting value in the process of packaging of these bio products. See the following for the results The rise of green marketing Peattie (2005:357) It was only during the 1980’s when people start to speak about green marketing. Almost suddenly, consumption of the greenest products and health consciousness came to be the talk of the town. Like any new phenomena, it was soon the topic of the marketing research of most firms. With this awareness of the green market, companies have reverted to environmentally-friendly modes of production and operations. However, there also came to a point when this green marketing was only about selling, and that the green aspect was all a disguise. Legislations and other policies rose to halt this growing and gnawing concern. Redefinition of green marketing A number of marketing processes have been enumerated to reshape the approach of this market, as follows:   a redefinition of the product which encompasses the means of production and distribution. A willingness to change markets as well as changing products as a sustainable economy will require more than new product developments   an emphasis on benefits from product use to show the joys of product ownership   marketing communication that aims to inform rather than impress a focus beyond current customer needs   a willingness to manage demands and expectations   an emphasis on costs rather than price   taking more responsibility on consumer and societal welfare Most firms have long been focused on selling and just making profits, whereas the customer has always been into the marginal interests. Since the birth of green marketing, consumers have favored this product, and thus the producers or the firm has to follow this lead. This would work in a world of entirely marketing oriented firms, but neglects mostly the internal environment. Changes in Medicine / Bio-cosmetics Akoh (2004:513) We have clearly presented our views and thorough research in the previous sections and will now give light to the other side of bio-cosmetics – the various changes in medicine that may help or hamper the lives of the individuals using these products. Innovation in medical treatments in terms of technological-use or through the minimally invasive techniques (MIT) prompted the way for advancements to significantly reduce pain, recovery time, and even hospital stays with marked improvements in cosmetic outcome and overall cost effectiveness. Bio-cosmetics for one, has enabled practicing surgeons to aid their treatments with the latest surgical cares that will serve as a catalyst to one’s full recovery. Yaron Munz (2004:223) MITs were used in a wide range of procedures long before they were applied to surgery, but only then did they become exposed to the general public. Through the close collaborations of innovative surgeons and technologists, MIT was rapidly advanced in the society. Conrad (2005:3-14) Since 1980’s profound changes happened in the field of medicine that have created a huge impact in health conditions. Patients started to become more knowledgeable and involved in the medical information on various treatments even in choosing their health insurance policies and in seeking out medical services. The biotechnology industry in particular has their ups and downs but it definitely gave birth to a promising future that may indeed revolutionize healthcare. Such products of these dynamic changes are the bio-products, such as bio-cosmetics. Bio-cosmetics Ethics Todd (2004:86) In line with the field of an innovative scene in biotechnology, environmental ethics and eco-marketers come together to reinstate the status of these bio-products to garner consumer appeal and make them realize the importance of being socially-involved and responsible. So the question arises, in an era where eco-friendly is hip, how do we infuse ethics and product aesthetics? Ethics simply realizes and acknowledges the fact that these bio products, specifically bio-cosmetics targets the image of beauty related to health and not marked by politics. However, not everyone seems to be pleased with all these biotechnological advancements as these groups believe that these cosmetics, drugs or other bio-products have the potential of threatening the â€Å"soul† or â€Å"dignity† of the person given the extent of effect it impacts the one who intakes. Although these are not sufficiently backed-up by scientific evidences, still the concern or the argument is present. Judgments regarding these agents or products still rely heavily on the ethical principles of both the buyers and the sellers. Holtug (1999:4) In ethics, it is also important to note that in the process of considering the usage of these bio-products for medicinal purposes, we should also draw the line between enhancing or treating. What is indeed the distinction between the two that justifies the use of these products or agents? Treatment can be referred to as an intervention that aims to cure a disease or an ailment. Enhancements on the other hand, do not attempt to cure a disease or reduce its effects. Therefore, the question on whether one should enhance or treat a person is touching on the ethical composition of the individual. With the pool of genes in a person, in the community and in the world, how can one identify which feature or trait should be eliminated or enhanced through medical interventions? How is it being determined? How are people with these inequalities being compensated for their state of difference? At the end of the day, how will it also affect the social attitudes of those undergoing medical treatments or enhancements?

The Geographic and Magnetic North Poles

Earth is home to two North Poles, both located in the Arctic region: the geographic North Pole and the magnetic North Pole. Geographic North Pole The northernmost point on the Earths surface is the geographic North Pole, also known as True North. It is located at 90 ° North latitude but it has no specific line of longitude since all lines of longitude converge at the pole. The Earths axis runs through the North and South poles and it is the line around which the Earth rotates. The geographic North Pole is located approximately 450 miles (725 km) north of Greenland, in the middle of the Arctic Ocean: the sea there has a depth of 13,410 feet (4087 meters). Most of the time, sea ice covers the North Pole, but recently, water has been sighted around the exact location of the pole. All Points Are South If you are standing at the North Pole, all points are south of you (east and west have no meaning at the North Pole). While the Earths rotation takes place once every 24 hours, the speed of rotation is different based on where one is on the planet. At the Equator, one would travel 1,038 miles per hour; someone at the North Pole, on the other, hand, travels very slowly, barely moving at all. The lines of longitude that establish our time zones are so close at the North Pole that time zones are meaningless; thus, the Arctic region uses UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) when local time is necessary at the North Pole. Due to the tilt of the Earths axis, the North Pole experiences six months of daylight from March 21 through September 21 and six months of darkness from September 21 through March 21. Magnetic North Pole Located about 250 miles south of the geographic North Pole lies the magnetic North Pole at approximately 86.3 ° North and 160 ° West (2015), northwest of Canadas Sverdrup Island. However, this location is not fixed and is moving continually, even on a daily basis. The Earths magnetic North Pole is the focus of the planets magnetic field and is the point that traditional magnetic compasses point toward. Compasses are also subject to  magnetic declination, which is a result of the Earths varied magnetic field. Each year, the  magnetic North Pole  and the magnetic field shift, requiring those using  magnetic compasses  for navigation to be keenly aware of the difference between Magnetic North and True North. The magnetic pole was first determined in 1831, hundreds of miles from its present location.  The Canadian  National Geomagnetic Program  monitors the movement of the magnetic North Pole. The magnetic North Pole moves on a daily basis, too. Every day, theres an elliptical movement of the magnetic pole about 50 miles (80 kilometers) from its average center point. Who Reached the North Pole First? Robert Peary, his partner Matthew Henson, and four Inuit are generally credited with being the first to reach the geographic North Pole on April 9, 1909 (although many suspects  they missed the exact North Pole by a few miles). In 1958, the United States nuclear submarine Nautilus was the first vessel to cross the Geographic North Pole.  Today, dozens of planes fly over the North Pole using great circle routes between continents.

Kate Chopin The Storm Essay - 1234 Words

Kate Chopin The Storm Kate Chopin: The Storm Kate Chopin lived from 1851 until 1904. She was born Katherine OFlaherty and was raised in post- Civil War St. Louis by parents who were on the upper end of society. She married Oscar Chopin, moved to New Orleans, and had six children. After her husband died, Chopin moved back to St. Louis to start her writing career at age 33. She incorporated many taboos about literature into her writing. Some of these taboos were female sexuality, struggles, and triumph over the stereotypes that had been placed on them over the centuries. She was a very popular writer until 1898 when she wrote about even more controversial issues in Awakening. Many people felt that her views were very feminist†¦show more content†¦They mention that there is someone (wife/mother) waiting at home for them but they dont put that much effort into attempting to get home. They seem to believe that everything will be all right if they just stay there and wait out the storm. These characters arent seen as un caring, but more as unconcerned about the welfare of the mother. The only thing that they do that is seen as kind and thoughtful is when the father purchases a can of shrimps to take home for her. The next section of the story shows Calixta, the mother, sitting at a window sewing. She isnt concerned for the safety of her family and doesnt realize that there is a storm approaching. Like many relationships, things may be going along just fine until opportunity flashes, like lightening, and a decision has to be made that will change the future. Calixtas opportunity is in the shape of a man named Alcee Lavalliere. He shows up at her gate as she is attempting to get her husbands clothes off of the porch. He asks for shelter and Calixta offers to let him wait out the storm inside. She realizes that she hasnt been alone with Alcee since she was married and feels the temptation that she knows she must suppress. At this point, Chopin takes a little time from the action of the story to give a description of the house and especially the bedroom. She says about how Calixta and Alcee are in theShow MoreRelatedThe Storm by Kate Chopin1332 Words   |  6 Pages The first thing I noticed a bout Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Storm,† is that it is utterly dripping with sexual imagery and symbolism. Our heroine, if you will, seems to be a woman with normally restrained passions and a well-defined sense of propriety, who finds herself in a situation that tears down her restraint and reveals the vixen within. I wonder if it was intentional that the name Calixta makes me think of Calypso – the nymph from Greek mythology. If half of the sexual symbolism I found in thisRead MoreThe Storm by Kate Chopin1238 Words   |  5 PagesKate Chopin is writing so many great stories about whatever she sees. Kate has many Wonderful stories such as, (The Storm, Desiree’s Baby, A Pair of Silk Stocking, A Respectable Woman, and The Story of an Hour). There is one story in particular that catches my mind which is â€Å"The Storm†. 0In Kate chopins era, women are seen as nothing more than a wife and have to stay with their husband for life. Chopin shows a drama tic scene between Alcee and Calixta during the time of a storm that is passing byRead MoreThe Storm By Kate Chopin844 Words   |  4 Pages Kate Chopin writes a short story named â€Å"The storm.† The plot of the story where the author shows two married couples, a total of five people and two of them have an affair. We can see a woman who is a mother, a lover and a wife and her different reaction while performing each one of the different roles. After the storm the characters seem to reveal hidden aspects of them. The story begins when Bobinot and his son Bibi are at Fregheimer’s store and decide to stay there due to a storm that is comingRead MoreThe Storm By Kate Chopin Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pages Kate Chopin was an American author who wrote the short story â€Å"The Storm†. It takes place somewhere down in Louisiana at a general store and at the house of Calixta, Bobinot who is the wife of Calixta, and their son Bibi. The other character in the story is the friend of Calixta, Alcee Laballiere. The story begins with Bobinot and Bibi in the general store to buy a can of shrimp; meanwhile, at home, Calixta is at home doing chores when a storm develops, which makes her worry about Bobinot and BibiRead MoreThe Storm By Kate Chopin1205 Words   |  5 Pagesmain character, Calixta, is interrelated with the setting of the story, â€Å"The Storm† by Kate Chopin. In â€Å"The Storm†, setting plays the role as a catalyst that ignites Alcee’s and Calixtaâ€⠄¢s passion that then runs parallel with the storm. As their relationship builds together, Calixta’s natural desires become fulfilled; which without an outlet on the ability to express our emotions and natural desires, conflicts and storms result in our lives. In the beginning of the story, Calixta is very much intoRead MoreThe Storm By Kate Chopin869 Words   |  4 Pagesespecially true in Kate Chopin’s short story, â€Å"The Storm.† Calixta went outside of her marriage for a sexual affair with Alcà ©e when he unexpectedly showed up and a storm came through. The three most prominent literary elements that were addressed in â€Å"The Storm† were foreshadowing, symbolism, and setting. First, there is foreshadowing in the story. Bae and Young agree that foreshadowing is when a story implies that something will happen in the future without saying it (1). In â€Å"The Storm,† an example ofRead MoreThe Storm By Kate Chopin1649 Words   |  7 Pageslike writers in present day, Kate Chopin was a writer who wrote to reflect obstacles and instances occurring within her time period. Writing about personal obstacles, as well as issues occurring in the time period she lived, Chopin proved to be distinctive upon using her virtue. Kate Chopin was a determined individual, with true ambition and ability to produce writings that reflected women on a higher pedestal than they were valued in her time. â€Å"The Storm† by Kate Chopin is a short story written toRead MoreThe Storm By Kate Chopin851 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Storm† by Kate Chopin was written in 1899 but was not published until several years later. She understood how daring her piece was and never shared â€Å"The Storm† with anyone. Chopin was born in 1851 to a wealthy father and an aristocratic mother. At the age of nineteen, she married and moved to Louisiana with her husband, Oscar. Chopin is known for writing realistic but sexually rich literature. Her short story â€Å"The Storm† conveys sex as a joyous part of her life and not a destructive one. Read MoreKate Chopin s The Storm Essay1339 Words   |  6 Pagesfamous writer Kate Chopin once said, â€Å"The voice of the sea speaks to the soul.† The Awakening, (1899). Kate Chopin was widely recognized as one of the leading writers of her time. She was an American author of short stories and novels. She was born on February 08, 1850 in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. She died on August 22, 1904, in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Written in 1898 but not published until it appeared in The Complete Works of Kate Chopin in 1969, The Storm has been widelyRead MoreThe Storm By Kate Chopin1221 Words   |  5 PagesI also disagreed with â€Å"The Storm† by Kate Chopin, because it suggested that it is possible to be with more than one person at any given point. To me, love is trust, and without trust, love is nonexistent. Marriage is a commitment, a promise to be both trusting and trustful. To betray that agreement is not to love. Calixata expresses â€Å"n othing but satisfaction at their safe return† (727) and this reader has to wonder how she cannot feel guilt. Alcee wrote a â€Å"loving letter† to his wife, and this reader

Chinas An Ambitious Negotiation At An Early Stage

completely understandable, of course, that the Chinese government felt unable to commit to such an ambitious negotiation at an early stage.† China has been informed and is up to date on the TPP, but has not made a push to join the agreement. China does not meet the required high standards of which the TPP demands from its members. As Peter K. Yu, the author of TPP and the Trans-Pacific Perplexities, explains that, â€Å"†¦ it makes sense to exclude China from the negotiations†¦. China continues to struggle with a wide variety of internal problems despite having join the international trading body†¦. these problems have included†¦significant losses suffered by inefficient state-owned enterprises†¦massive urban migration, widespread unemployment, corruption†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Like many developing countries China still has its fair share of challenges to face. These are not the only factors that stand to hinder China from entering the TPP. Yu, also points o ut that, â€Å"[I]f China were to join the TPP agreement†¦ it w[ould] have to comply with the discipline on state-owned enterprises (SOEs)†¦ SOEs are of great political as well as economic significance in China, it would be impossible for China to accede to such demands.† Being a hybrid communist country, the central government in China enacts control over the marketplace. China has recently adopted reforms that have allowed the people to benefit from a form of ‘capitalism’. Since China is such large economy, there may also have been some fear thatShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of The Vietnam War1832 Words   |  8 Pagespeople than a conflict of ideas. The U.S. was involved to quell the spread of Communism, while the U.S.S.R. was involved to encourage it. This tug-of-war between two countries and their respective theories led to some of the most influential negotiations of the 20th century. 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Insurance Health Care Coverage Under the Affordable Care Act

Question: Describe about the Insurance Health Care Coverage Under the Affordable Care Act. Answer: Introduction The modern world as we are aware of functions through a list of different complex situations. These complex methods and modern lifestyle often leads to various risks in the life of the human beings surviving in the world. Thus, there is need to cover the risks through insurance plans so that any losses can be recovered and the life of an individual can run smoothly. This assignment deals with the story of Michael and Marry who are couples and run a health food center. They are business partners though Michael runs the business and Marry is a housewife. The financial advise regarding retirement of the couples will be discussed along with the losses and risks they might face during the term of life. The best insurance product to cover all the risks pertaining to their life will also be discussed. The other part of the assignment deals with the Act introduced by Barrack Obama, the president of the United States known as the Affordable Care Act or the Obamacare. The act makes it compulsory for every individual to purchase a health insurance product from the centralized exchange center. This act provided a change in the health care system. Thus the study will analyze both the financial advise for Michael and Marry and also the pros and cons of the Affordable Care Act and its impact on the health care system all around the world. Part A This section deals with the financial position of Michael and Marry who are a couple and are also business partners. They need a future planning of their financial condition to find out the risks and the returns involved in it. It is found out that there are typically three kinds of losses pertaining to the life of an individual namely the Property Loss, Liability Loss and the Personal losses. Property Loss These losses are inclusive of any situation that depicts the possibility that any sort of property loss can take place. There exists two kinds of this loss namely, Real and Personal property loss. The real property deals with the buildings, land and other structures related to the land while personal property deals with all the intangible and tangible assets and properties copyright furniture, jewellery etc (Keneley,2015). When Michael and Marry faces such a loss it responds to a loss of property and causes direct and indirect losses in the form or reduction in the profit or revenue of an individual and increase in the expenses, which is known as Net Income loss. Incase of the couples, the losses relating to this topic are the family home purchased in 2003 at $ 580,000 whose expected value on 30.09.2014 is $ 700,000. The contents of the house worth $ 90,000, which estimates to $ 100,000 now. Any loss pertaining to these elements are also a part of the property loss and so the mortgage payments are also a part of it. Liability Loss These losses are ideally any situation that depicts the estimation of a claim relating to any legal responsibilities of a person or business for injury or any damage suffered by any other party. There are some incidents that such cases lead to a lawsuit. A liability loss is thus a monetary claim due to damage to another partys property. If Michael and Marry insures these losses then they can pay out any losses relating to any pain and medical expenses of a third party other than the family members. The financial condition of both Michael and Marry depicts that they have a business and thus they will create an insurance relating to this loss to protect the interests of the employees working in the food center. From the table though, there are no other losses, which needs to be protected (Mann,and Lewis, 2012). Personal Loss Any situation or condition that creates the possibility of any financial loss to any individual due to death, sickness and injury is included in this loss segment The insurer ideally purchases an insurance for any potential financial losses relating to pure risk, accidental loss, any losses that can be measured and will happen with time, losses for independent exposure etc. Michael and Marry are also exposed to such losses because they have lot of items, which can get destroyed and lead to a financial loss. The shares purchased by them from Westpac, money in the savings account, funds related to the superannuation funds, share of Woolsworth and Incitec pivot are all exposed to risks. It is known that shares have a high return along with high risks, thus it is advisable to insure such loss to obtain the financial loss if any damage incurs to these items. The two vehicles are also an asset to Michael and marry and thus they need to be insured as well as any accidental loss to the cars can be harmful to them. The couple also needs to insure their own life because if anything happens to them then it also is loss to its partner and their children. Therefore, it is advisable to them to insure themselves along with all the assets like the vehicles and the shares in order to abstain from any losses. It is known that Michel is the only one who runs the business whereas Marry takes care of the family and Marry feels that if anything happens to Michael, then it will be impossible for her to control the business herself. In this context, if Michael becomes disabled, then an additional cost of $ 20,000 will be added to their expense and so to cope up with such loss, a health insurance product needs to be purchased to deal with the additional cost of $ 20,000. The different techniques available to them to manage their risk exposure are as follows: Risk Avoidance It is the most effective means to control the risks through undertaking any activity or program that would abstain from undesirable loss. There are plenty of services provided by the government to help reduce these loss exposures, which cannot be protected by the private enterprise. If any risk exposure cannot be protected, the individual predicts or retains the financial and legal liabilities of that risk (Sadgrove,2016). Risk Prevention This method reduces the frequency of the risk. Any good measures for the prevention of losses, if implemented will be beneficial to an individual. Risk reduction means any transformation. The individuals need to reduce any activity that can cause accidents. Such changes can occur through proper training and education and also through the implementation of strict laws to restrict the illegal actions of the individual. Risk reduction This form deals with eliminating the or preventing any risks. Thus such mechanisms are implemented to reduce the effects of any perils. Such actions are associated with decreasing the severity of the losses through frequent supervision and control. Some risks can be decreased through simple warning from the beginning. Separation of the exposures, diversification and duplicating of the exposures are also a way to reduce the level of risks pertaining to any activities and through such a method, the intensity of the risk can be reduced effectively. Risk transfer The transfer of risk involves the legal or financial liabilities associated with a risk, which can be transferred to any external organization. Such an action can only be completed through a contract. The terms and conditions specify the position on which the losses are shifted. Any insurance service is actually the transferring of the risks to the third party and avoiding any financial losses for an individual or an organization (McNeil, Frey,. and Embrechts, 2015). The couple Michael and Marry are in a position to face losses during their life span and thus needs to manage the risks through the purchase of ideal insurance products. The insurance practices maximize the capital efficiency evaluation based capabilities to decrease exposures to financial risks and alternative risk funding techniques. While evaluating the mechanism impact of market pricing and other dynamic reasons on product and capital sources through insurance linked securities, insurance hedge funds, bonds and life insurance securitization and life settlements are taken into consideration. The couple thus needs to purchase a product, which will be ideal for their exposure to losses. These evaluations are compulsory to find out the best product for them. From the above study it is understandable that Marry is totally dependent on Michael and thus a life insurance policy needs to be purchased, which can provide financial assistance if death or injury occurs to Michael. A health insurance to cover the claims, due to any medical emergency needs to be purchased as well. The couple also has other assets like the vehicles and shares with them and so an insurance covering the loss out of these assets also needs to purchased (Hopkin,2014). Thus the ideal product for them will be a life insurance policy covering the death and disability along with providing health care coverage. A vehicle insurance also needs to be bought and an hedging insurance product to cover the losses out the shares also requires to be purchased by the couple. The couple is not attracted towards paying a high premium for the insurance taken. It is found that the amount of assets they hold require a high premium rate. Michael also being the only earning member of the family is an essential factor for the life coverage of him. The family has a high amount of liability and assets with them and they also estimate to pay a lump some amount for future education for their two children. Therefore, they require an insurance, which can pay out all these expenses for the future even if any mishap happens to Michael. Premium depends upon the amount of life coverage and as the life coverage is high for Michael therefore the premium rate is high as well. The high premium rate is an expense to them in the sort run but will be beneficial to them in the long run when the health will detoriate along with age. Thus it is advisable for the couple to pay high premium rate now as to get back the amount in the future due to any financial loss (Lo, 2014). There also exists ways to reduce the premium rates by changing the terms and conditions of the contract. This process is not ideal for them as they have a high standard of living. The policy term of the contract can be reduced according the needs to decrease the premium amount. The change in the contract from the long to short contract also reduces the maturity value and thus the premium decreases. If any changes made on the type of insurance like changing the vehicle insurance from first party to third party also decreases the premium as the third party does not give any protection to the insurer against the losses. The amortization amount, decrease in the balance of the insurer also enable them to reduce the premium amount along with decrease in the net protected value (Cummins, and Santomero, 2012). Part B The Affordable Care Act also known as the Obamacare was introduced to provide health insurance to all the citizens of the country. The insurance will cover all the elements related to healthcare and will also have a fixed interest rate to provide free and fair services to all the sections of the society. But, it has been found that the insurance premium is increasing due to the response to the restrictions in the law like compulsory for the insurance companies to cover pre-existing conditions. The reason behind the rise in the premium rates is due to the requirement for the organizations to cover high risk customers. The insurance firms cannot deny customers with pre existing conditions and thus cannot charge higher premium based on status of health and gender. Other factors with a few required protections, rights and other additional benefits provided by the organization to the customers are reasons for the rise in the premium rates of the insurance service (Blumenthal,and Collins, 2014). The customers with high end plans with a good income base have the biggest premium increase. The act asks the organizations to insure people with pre existing conditions along with without pre existing conditions. This is the main reason for the rise in the premium rates as the people with pre existing conditions will have higher chances for claim from the insurance companies rather than people without pre existing conditions. The insurance organization will thus face a massive loss as t he pre existing condition clients will claim very frequently and the firms will be obliged to pay off. This will reduce the revenue of the firm and so to increase the profit the firms put in higher premium rates. When the rates will increase, the customer base will decrease or the government will put in restrictions to level the premium. When the insurance organizations will not get proper revenue from the market they will not get attracted to continue the business and thus resulting to the fall in the health insurance market (McCoy et al 2012). 2.According to the Obamacare, it is compulsory for every citizen to purchase a healthcare insurance for themselves so that everyone can have a safe and secured life for themselves. To ensure that every person uses an insurance product, the act has implemented penalties to uninsured people. Imposing penalties are a key component of this act, as people who are not attracted to use insurance products are compelled to buy such products. The government forcibly asks the citizens to implement insurance products for the benefit of themselves. The penalty implemented on the individuals will induce them to purchase insurance. Though implementing penalty is forcing the individuals but in a way is helping their future lifestyle (Mechanic,2012). The value of the penalty need to be appropriate so that it puts fear in the mind of the citizens but also should not affect the financial condition of them. It needs to be adequate so that it keeps a balance between the implementation and proper financial condition of the individuals. Conclusion The above study evaluates the financial exposure to Michaela and Marry and determines the ideal insurance products and aversion of risks to help maintain a sustainable life. The amount of insurance to be paid and the process to reduce the high premium rates is also discussed. The other part deals with the Affordable Care Act implemented by Barrack Obama, to pool in all the citizens in the insurance segment and providing health insurance to everyone. The study discusses on the hike in the premium rates due to policies of the act and also determines the amount of penalty to be implemented to the uninsured individuals. Reference List Blumenthal, D. and Collins, S.R., 2014. Health care coverage under the Affordable Care Acta progress report.New England Journal of Medicine,371(3), pp.275-281. Cummins, D. and Santomero, A. eds., 2012.Changes in the life insurance industry: Efficiency, technology and risk management(Vol. 11). Springer Science Business Media. Fowler, F.J., Levin, C.A. and Sepucha, K.R., 2011. Informing and involving patients to improve the quality of medical decisions.Health affairs,30(4), pp.699-706. Glendon, A.I., Clarke, S. and McKenna, E., 2016.Human safety and risk management. Crc Press. Heazle, M., Tangney, P., Burton, P., Howes, M., Grant-Smith, D., Reis, K. and Bosomworth, K., 2013. Mainstreaming climate change adaptation: An incremental approach to disaster risk management in Australia.Environmental science policy,33, pp.162-170. Hopkin, P., 2014.Fundamentals of risk management: understanding, evaluating and implementing effective risk management. Kogan Page Publishers. Huntington, W.V., Covington, L.A., Center, P.P., Covington, L.A. and Manchikanti, L., 2011. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010: reforming the health care reform for the new decade.Pain Physician,14(1), pp.E35-E67. Keneley, M.J., 2015. Marketing the Message: The Making of the Market for Life Insurance in Australia, 18501940.Enterprise Society,16(04), pp.929-956. Lo, A.Y., 2014. The influence of risk perception and attitude on the decisions to adopt residential flood insurance: Evidence from Queensland, Australia.RISK FACTORS, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES, p.73. Mann, P. and Lewis, C., 2012.Mann's Annotated Insurance Contracts Act. Thomson Reuters. McCoy, R.G., Van Houten, H.K., Ziegenfuss, J.Y., Shah, N.D., Wermers, R.A. and Smith, S.A., 2012. Increased mortality of patients with diabetes reporting severe hypoglycemia.Diabetes care,35(9), pp.1897-1901. McLennan, B.J. and Handmer, J., 2012. Reframing responsibility-sharing for bushfire risk management in Australia after Black Saturday.Environmental Hazards,11(1), pp.1-15. McNeil, A.J., Frey, R. and Embrechts, P., 2015.Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Mechanic, D., 2012. Seizing opportunities under the Affordable Care Act for transforming the mental and behavioral health system.Health Affairs,31(2), pp.376-382. Protection, P. and Act, A.C., 2014. Public Law 111 e148, sec. 4205-nutrition labeling of standard menu items at chain restaurants. March, 2010. Rak, S. and Janis Coffin DO, F.A.A.F.P., 2013. Affordable care act.The Journal of medical practice management: MPM,28(5), p.317. Sadgrove, K., 2016.The complete guide to business risk management. Routledge. Sommers, B.D., Buchmueller, T., Decker, S.L., Carey, C. and Kronick, R., 2013. The Affordable Care Act has led to significant gains in health insurance and access to care for young adults.Health affairs,32(1), pp.165-174. Suriadi, S., Wynn, M.T., Ouyang, C., ter Hofstede, A.H. and van Dijk, N.J., 2013, June. Understanding process behaviours in a large insurance company in Australia: A case study. InInternational Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering(pp. 449-464). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Zheng, A.S., OLeary, T. and Moses, R.G., 2014. Gestational diabetes mellitus and life insurance: what is the impact of gestational diabetes mellitus on life insurance premiums?.Diabetes care,37(11), pp.e235-e235.