Global Projects Management Essay

1 (a). Unmistakably, individuals have been engaged with the administration and association of large ventures for very some significant time-frame. This has as of late become a typical element of the advanced, globalize age. This has altogether prompted the transience of the initially perpetual hierarchical structures loaning them dispensable. This has additionally prompted the development of the novel types of linkages between individuals, nationalities and associations. Be that as it may, these ventures for the most part experience issues which significantly add to time and cost invades also the decrease in quality. The principle question is the means by which the social contrasts just as the institutional contrasts influence this procedure of worldwide undertakings and their results. People connect in a social domain which is made of formal and casual qualities, standards, rules, sets of accepted rules, laws and guidelines. There are likewise various arrangements and countries along with an assortment of associations. These are normally named as culture and establishment. The fundamental point of these is to lessen equivocalness and vulnerability in practices of individuals, for example, dynamic and connection. In enormous worldwide activities, there are numerous components that influence them somehow. These incorporate customer related, the executives related, and venture setting factors. The social and institutional contrasts are the reason for every one of these components. Along these lines, it obviously observed that the social and institutional contrasts have an effect and perceptible ramifications on the worldwide activities. This will rely upon the circumstance where the specific task is found. For moment, in an Information and Technology industry, a task to concoct an increasingly advanced innovation can be influenced by the nearness of poor administration whose premise is the social contrasts.  â â â â â â â â â â b). The Bullwhip Effect alludes to a wonder that is perceptible in figure ridden diverts utilized in dispersion. It is otherwise called Whiplash Effect or Forrester Effect. This is for the most part set up since the interest of the clients isn't generally steady. Subsequently, there is requirement for a business to gauge the interest with the goal that it can consummately adjust its stock and different assets. These gauges are typically founded on insights reason with respect to why they are rarely great.  â â â â â â â â â â For moment, if the interest is high, there will be a critical increment in orders made that will imply that the business should build its stock. At the point when the interest falls, the members will build their requests thus the business should diminish their stock.  â â â â â â â â â â This can likewise be brought about by the conduct and operational elements. The conduct causes incorporate the abuse of the fundamental stock strategies, the error of the whole criticism and time delays, the frenzy request responses that are brought about by the requests that are not met and the apparent danger of the player’s principle discernment. The operational causes are those that rely upon request handling, for example, the mistakes because of gauge and the alteration of the stock contingent upon the interest perception. The variety because of lead time, request synchronization, advancement and forward purchasing also expectation of information all structure some portion of the operational causes.  â â â â â â â â â â The ramifications of this to the retail business is that they ought to know about the requests of their clients with the goal that they don't overload or under stock. Thusly, this idea empowers them to anticipate the heading of the interest to abstain from setting misfortunes or not meeting the expectations of the clients which will bother them.  â â â â â â â â â â c). Exact estimating is important in any industry with the goal that the business can deliver to satisfy the needs of the purchasers. For moment, in the movement business, the administration should take a gander at the correct time when individuals are going towards a specific heading. For moment, toward the beginning of the day, a great many people are set out toward occupations around. In this manner, there ought to be accessibility of enough vehicles that will move all the laborers to their goals. In any case, at night, the converse is valid. The laborers need to report home from work consequently theseâ â vehicles ought to likewise be in bounty to ship them back home. Thusly, the movement business follows the directional progression of the individuals consequently is in a situation to satisfy their needs. As of now, the charge costs go up since individuals are numerous consequently the interest for transportation is high. During the Christmas season, individuals head out from towns to provincial zones. As of now, the vehicles offering administrations to these individuals are numerous and the costs are high also since the interest for the administrations is high. Right now, toll from provincial regions to town is low since dominant parts are running contrary to the flow. At the point when the schools open, larger parts are making a trip back to towns with the goal that they can answer to their employments subsequently the interest for transport to town as of now is high. This implies the costs should likewise be raised and more vehicles put in the on street to fulfill these need. This is anyway set conceivable by guaging of the expectations of the individuals.  â â â â â â â â â â d). Stock control is characterized as the procedure that limits the all out expense of stock. It has three central point that are thought about. These incorporate the expense of holding the cost, the expense of submitting a request and the expense of lack.  â â â â â â â â â â Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) is characterized as the model that decides the ideal amount to be requested so as to limit the complete variable costs that are important to request and hold a stock. Under this, the suppositions taken are that the yearly requests for the item or administration are known and are consistently steady. There is no thought that is taken with respect to the lead time, the receipt of the considerable number of requests happens once the request is made, the amount limits are not chipped away at as a major aspect of the model and the expense of requesting is taken to be consistent. The Economic Production Quantity (EPQ) is characterized as the ideal amount that will be delivered so as to improve the stock. It depends on an exchange off between the stock and the set up of the creation costs. Here, the exchange off examinationâ assumesâ that the interest for the things that are in the stock is nonstop and at a consistent rate, creations that are made to improve the stock are at customary spans, the creation of items is ceaseless just as at a steady rate during a creation rerun and the creation cost is constantly fixed. This model is like the EOQ model. The thing that matters is in the time that is required to change the stock. In the EOQ, recharging is immediate, while the EPQ model expect steady renewal.  â â â â â â â â â â A collective arranging framework has numerous highlights that are particular to improve its prosperity. For moment, the car creation industry has its destinations that quandary it to the presentation of its obligations so as to meet these objectives. This organization has exceptional association of all creation related capacities into an incorporated electronic creation framework. This will make the presentation fruitful.  A community oriented arranging framework has a skillful system that will guarantee that all the laborers are in a situation to get to the information that the need so as to play out their obligations. For moment, the car business is building up an electronic cooperative encompassing that will encourage the structure and the creation along with arranging frameworks. A synergistic arranging process likewise requires a communitarian working framework, data sharing without separation and trade of thoughts among the individuals in the various areas. In this type of framework, every creation procedure is characterized regarding items, forms included, assets utilized and their general relationship. In the car business consequently, the earth is made of four modules. These include: Advanced fake up that bolsters the whole item computerized mock-up process. Has a procedure arranging module that is fundamental in the arrangement of time estimation and the full investigation of working methodology. It additionally has a format arranging module that is liable for planning the right design of the creation lines. It has a work place format which is the significant framework for work environment structure the ergonomic thought.  A synergistic arranging framework has space for the representatives and the whole network to hive commitments to what they need to perform. For moment, they can utilize polls or meetings so as to get the sentiment of the people concerning the specific inquiry close by ought to beâ given an opportunity and the standards of the individuals be thought about. This framework ought to likewise be a multidimensional framework that is fit for taking care of numerous issues on the double. For moment, in the car business, the framework ought to have the option to deliver more than one kind of an item at sear time simultaneously be in a situation to control that other related tasks. This is made conceivable using a refined data innovation just as the most extreme utilization of cutting edge apparatuses and gear and abilities. 3). Lean creation alludes to the procedure ofâ delivering merchandise utilizing less assets when contrasted with the conventional large scale manufacturing. That is, there is less waste, less human exertion, less assembling space, less interests in the instruments to be utilized, less inventories and less time required to build up another item. For some, lean is the whole arrangement of instruments that are significant in that they aid the distinguishing proof just as the consistent end of squanders. These apparatuses likewise improve the qua

Rice Essays - Rice, Oryza Sativa, Paddy Field, Glutinous Rice

Rice Rice is the primary nourishment for around 33% to one-portion of the total populace. A develop rice plant is typically two to six feet tall. At the outset, one shoot shows up. It is trailed by one, two, or more branches creating. There are in any event five or six empty joints for each tail, and a leaf for each joint. The leaf of the rice plant is for quite some time, pointed, level, and firm. The most elevated join of the rice plant is known as the panicle. The rice grains create from the panicles. (Jodon, 300) Rice is grouped in the grass family Gramineae. Its variety is Oryza and species O. sativa. It is generally developed for food in Asia. A few assortments of rice incorporate red rice, glutinous rice, and wild rice. (Jodon, 303) The part inside the grain contains the majority of the nutrients and minerals (298). The portion contains thiamine, niacin, and riboflavin (299). Rice has numerous foes that demolish a larger part of the rice crops. The hatchlings of moth, stem borers, live in the stems of the rice plants. A few creepy crawlies suck the plant squeezes or bite the leaves. Winged creatures, for example, bobolink, Java sparrow, or paddybird, would eat the seeds or grains. Sickness causing elements, for example, parasites, roundworms, infections, and microbes likewise obliterate the rice plants. Impact sickness is brought about by parasites which causes the panicles containing the grains to break. (Jodon, 300) There are different kinds of rice developed everywhere throughout the world. A lion's share of rice developed is developed rice. At the point when rice is developed with water remaining on the fields, it is called marsh, wet, or flooded rice. Rice plants developed in specific pieces of Asia, South America, and Africa are called upland, slope, or dry rice since they are raised on raised terrains that can't be overflowed, however with copious precipitation. Wild rice is developed along lake shores of Canada and the Great Lakes. It is normally eaten by individuals in India. Scented rice is the most costly in light of the fact that is has long grains and suggests a flavor like popcorn when cooked. Glutinous rice is waxy rice devoured by Asians. It is cooked to a clingy glue and is utilized for cakes and sweets. (Jodon, 299) Rice was thought to have started in southeast Asia when Alexander the Great attacked India in 326 B. C(Jodon, 303). Further research uncovered that rice was developed around or at the Yangtze River in China, around 4000 to 11,500 years prior. One excavator, Toyama, overviewed information on 125 examples of rice grains, plant remains, husks, and different components from various locales along the length of the Yangtze River. He announced that the most seasoned examples. . . are grouped along the center Yangtze in Hubei and Hunan territories. Tests from the upper and lower bits of the Yangtze River were seen as more youthful, around 4,000 to 10,000 years of age. This example. . .proposes that rice development started in the center Yangtze and spread from that point. Archeologists see over a time of unearthing of the Yangtze River and close by destinations to affirm that the Yangtze River is the place rice was first developed. (Normille, 309) The Greeks scholarly of rice when Alexander the Great attacked India around 326 B. C. Spain was acquainted with rice when it was vanquished by the Moors during the 700's A.D. Spain at that point acquainted rice with Italy, around the 1400's. The Spanish likewise acquainted rice with the West Indies and South America, around the 1600's. Rice was acquainted with the United States when a Madagascar transport docked in the Charleston, South Carolina harbor. The boat commander gave the senator a sack of seed rice. It was then developed in states south of the Ohio River and east of Mississippi. (Jodon, 303) Rice is generally developed in marsh fields partitioned by earth dividers (Jodon, 300) A lion's share of the rice crops are developed with water remaining on the fields (Jodon, 299). On level land, these paddies and soil dividers are worked in wavy or straight lines. On slope like land, they follow the inclines and structure paddies that ascent like advances. The soil dividers are utilized to hold in water for the fields. (300) Development of the rice plant requires controlling the water gracefully and weeding the

The influence of Technology Essay Sample

The influence of Technology Essay Sample Can you imagine the modern world without technologies? It is possible to say that most of the people are addicted to the comfortable life that technologies give us every day, and no one doesn’t want even to think of life without them. However, it is essential to understand that not all of the changes are completely positive. Technology has changed our lives rapidly, especially if to look at communication, education, and lifestyle, but it is up to everyone to decide what things are good and what are bad. In the first place, technologies have changed the way people communicate nowadays. From one side, the variety of social networks helps to interact with the people even if they live far away. Mobile phones also help to be in touch with the family and friends any day and night. Thanks to such programs as Skype and LivePerson people can even see each other living on different contents. The borders do not exist anymore, which makes people closer. On the other hand, people less communicate outside the Internet. The scientists state that personal communication is much less popular nowadays than it was before. Apart from this, it is good to mention online dating. A great number of people prefer to date online. They are afraid to meet people personally or just don’t know how to do this. It is easy to notice that commutation with the modern technologies isn’t always a good thing. The second important thing that modern technologies have changed is education. From one point of view, it is much easier to study now because there is no need to look for information in libraries. It is possible to find everything necessary on the web. Apart from this, it is very simple to find someone, who can help to solve some assignment, which saves time and efforts of the students. Thanks to the modern technologies, education now isn’t only simpler but also more interesting. Teachers and professors can use different methods to make the studying process more effective and more pleasant. Apart from this, it is possible to study at home, which is very convenient. However, as it is very easy to find information, the students should study much more information than it was in the past. As a result, young people look for the different methods to make their lives easier. Unfortunately, such approach isn’t always good because a lot of the students don’t get the knowledge they shoul d have to be professionals in their sphere. The third thing that was rapidly changed thanks to technology in our lives is a lifestyle. In general, the lives of ordinary people became easier. It is possible: to work home, to find out where is a traffic jam, how to get to some place, where to eat, where to order food and other staff, where to spend free time and many other things. Apart from this, thanks to new technologies people have more variety of the hobbies. However, not only positive changes happened with the lifestyles of the ordinary human beings. For instance, people became lazier. Very often they do not have a desire to go outside when they just can order everything online. The same situation is with traveling. A great number of people are satisfied with the programs they can watch on TV about different countries. It is obvious that technology has changed our lives. In most of the cases, these changes are very positive. They make our lives easier and more interesting. However, there are also some negative effects like loneliness and laziness. It is possible to take the most advantage of the technologies but it is necessary to be a smart person, who knows how to use his/her time and abilities.

Mortality In Their Eyes Were Watching God - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1373 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay Did you like this example? Zora Neale Hurston’s takes her audience on a psychological adventure within her novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God. In her narration, the protagonist, Janie Crawford, goes on a transformational hero’s journey where her innermost thoughts are explored. From being influenced into an arranged marriage to finding the true love of her life, it is through the emotions revealed in Janie’s internal events that leads her to her ultimate awakening at the end of the novel as she reaches her horizon. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mortality In Their Eyes Were Watching God" essay for you Create order Janie’s internal conflicts play a significant role on the overall plot of the novel, as the protagonist discovers her own personal voice and strength in a society that is dominated by men and heavily influenced by class. However, throughout the novel Janie struggles with aligning her point of view to her actions except for when her life depends on it. Janie’s psychological events reveal her mortality; Janie’s ultimate awakening is developed in the matters of life and death. Hurston depicts Janie’s quest for love and self empowerment through the use of a flashback as the protagonist shares her story with her best friend, Pheoby Watson. In the start of her memories, Janie’s viewpoint of love is exposed after her experience under a pear tree blossoms into her ideology of love. One afternoon, â€Å"She saw a dust-bearing bee sink into the sanctum of a bloom; the thousand sister-calyxes arch to meet the love embrace and the ecstatic shiver of the tree from root to tiniest branch creaming in every blossom and frothing with delight†¦ this was a marriage!† This encounter with the bees introduces Janie to the display of love and intimacy, as it becomes her expectation of the relationships between her and her future lover. When Janie attempts to act on her change in consciousness with a boy she had once ignored, Johnny Taylor, her Nanny interferes as she has an opposing viewpoint of men. Seeing men as cynical beings, Nanny forces Jani e into an arranged marriage with Logan Killicks as she attempts to strip Jannie’s vision of love. This is the beginning of Jannie’s isolation as she conforms to her Nanny’s wishes, yet with her idea of love engraved in the hidden parts of her mind. Janie marries Logan at Nanny’s house, secretly hoping to find intimacy throughout her new relationship with her husband. However, she is rudely awaken with the reality that marriage does not bring about love. Her isolation becomes her misery. Janie wants absolutely no part in doing the work Logan assigns, like the mule he offers her to help plow the fields. The significance of the mention of the mule becomes a symbolic figure that is referenced in Janie’s quest of self empowerment. These silent unpredictable creatures further emphasize Janie’s solitude. Within the isolation of her mind, Janie battles her desire for the horizon with the wishes of her Nanny. However, it is not until Nanny dies that she realizes she must find a form of escapism. She proceeds to emerge into the next chapter of her life with with Joe Starks with , a feeling of sudden newness and change. Even if Joe was not there waiting for her, the change was bound to do her good. As the yearning for the pollen tree was never removed from Jannie’s inner thoughts, her impulse to leave with Joe was due to his appealing idea of â€Å"life beyond.† It is evident here that Janie is always conscious of her inner feelings and needs, although what instigates her is questionable as she never truly acted until the death of Nanny. She ventures into a new experience unaware of what it might hold, but certain that her impulse is needed to explore her desire of reaching the horizon that she had only made possible within her inner thoughts. There is room to argue that Janie’s relationship with Joe serves her nothing but greater oppression with a higher social class. Throughout their marriage, Joe becomes more overbearing as becoming mayor of Eatonville has influenced his sovereignty. It is revealed that Joe created a false image of a better future for Janie, as he forces her to abide by his regulations. For instance, the symbolism within the head rags he forced her to wear express his constraints over Janie’s femininity, which results in her sacrificing her identity. Although Janie doesn’t agree with his domination, â€Å"Ah hates disagreement and confusion, so Ah better not talk†, such statement creates a dangerous atmosphere as Janie’s act of conforming to Joe’s needs questions the power, or even existence, of her own voice. Almost being vanished of her identity, Janie meets death once again as Joe passes away. After twenty long years of marriage, Joe’s noticeably older age has allowed for another escape route in Janie’s attempt at reaching the horizon. Janie begins to comprehend that her voice can still be formed. This leads to Janie confronting Joe on his deathbed and letting out all the frustration she has been holding in her internal thoughts including his: self righteousness, selfishness, and lack of love. In his last moments, Joe wishes death upon Janie, which is ultimately ironic seeing that although death is surrounded by a negative connotation, it has proven to be Janie’s only tool to reshape her life. Living free as a widow, it isn’t too long before the protagonist finds herself with another man. Tea Cake becomes Jannie’s true love, the only man that was able to make her feel again after her ordeal with Johnny. This young man has a contrasting viewpoint of gender roles when compared to Janie’s past relations. It is because of such beliefs that Tea Cake begins earning the trust of not only Janie, but the audience. By building a loving and caring foundation with Janie, the young man influences her perception of life as she is given the opportunity to express her internal thoughts. However, this warm atmosphere is soon demolished after Tea Cake asserts his dominance. The thematic continuation of a male-female relationship in the novel reveals the submission of women. By objectifying women, â€Å"Being able to whip her reassured him in possession†, Tea Cake returns Janie into silence. Yet, this silence has proven to be profound, as the voice lingering within her mind has been shown to be Janie’s strength in a time where her own internal values aren’t respected. Holding onto such strength, is essential for Janie overcoming her horizon. When a hurricane threatens and defeats Janie and Tea Cake, the young man sacrifices himself and is bitten by a rabid dog after being stuck in an intense flood. Alluding to Noah’s Ark in the bible, a flood of this magnitude signifies rebirth and reconstruction. For Janie, this was the ultimate start of transforming into a new persona; reaching the horizon she so deeply desired. After Tea Cake was infected by the deadly virus from the dog, he became mad and lost all of the appealing qualities Janie was in love with. Under the suppression of a man, with the guide of no one else, when presented with death one final time Janie chose and valued her own life and could no longer be silenced. Pulling the trigger that ultimately leads to the death of her lover, Janie has finally escaped her internal conflicts by finally acting upon her viewpoints. Throughout the entirety of the novel, whether married to Logan, Joe, or even Tea Cake, Janie struggled immensely with finding her voice. The protagonist yearned for a future where she could no longer be suppressed by the men in her life and find true love within herself; her own personal horizon. Death brings Janie closer and closer to reaching such a dream, however, it isn’t until Janie understands the true value of her voice that she can escape her unhealthy relationships. Overall deepening her understanding of mortality, Janie’s powerful transformation provides a new outlook on death; through its lasting affect, death ventures into new beginnings that can rid an individual of fear as it pushes them into a future where they embrace each moment as their own.

The Criminal Court System - 1384 Words

The Criminal Court system is made up of four main components, each with its distinct aim. Each part works independently to achieve its goals. The four components are: law enforcement, prosecution, the judiciary, and the corrections. Law enforcement is the most visible element of the criminal court system. It is the part that has the first contact with crime offenders and victims. The functions of this component are: receive and document crime reports, carry investigations on reported crimes, collect evidence, and arrest offenders. The prosecution ensures criminals are brought to justice. This element represents state interests. The defense part of this component represents the interest of the accused (Neubauer and Fradella 66). The judiciary has the duty of overseeing the proceedings of the court and ensures that the law is not broken at any stage of the criminal justice system. The final say on law matters comes from this element. The final component is the corrections stage and its duty is to imprison The consensual model is where both the perpetrator of the law and the client desire the unlawful action. It is mainly made up of victimless crimes, for instance the use of hard drugs, prostitution, and forbidden sexual acts between consenting adults. The adversarial model on the other hand argues that every case is made of two parts: the criminal part and the civil part. In the criminal side, the prosecution claims that the defendant is guilty whereas the defendant contendsShow MoreRelatedFunctions Of The Criminal Court System1264 Words   |  6 PagesThe function of the criminal courts in society is to control social order and protect the community. The criminal justice system is always changing because of updated laws. The criminal court has five components; the judge, the prosecutor, defendant lawyer, the defendant and the juror. Each component works together to provide the best result for both defendant and society. There are a few models inside the crimin al court system that help depict the usefulness of how the courts work. Two of theseRead MoreCriminal Procedure and The Court System824 Words   |  4 Pages The idea of having a criminal law, procedure and a proper court system has been a concern and must in the United States since it was first founded. This concept is always under consistent speculation and undergoes changes almost every year. One of the most influential pieces included into the procedure of criminal law and the court system is the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights was created by the representatives of America to not only enforce the idea of substantive law, but also create a frameworkRead MoreThe Court System Of The Criminal Trial2096 Words   |  9 PagesSwansea Crown Court on 8 March 2016. The purpose of the report is to show significant knowledge in the application of relevant areas of law to its involvement in the criminal trial. In accordance, the concept of criminal law, English legal system, function and structure of the court system, roles of court personnel, the procedure of the criminal trial, strength and weakness of the court system, and proposed refor m of the courts have been put into consideration. The court system of the United KingdomRead MoreThe British Criminal Court System1914 Words   |  8 Pages The British criminal court system, also known as the senior courts, contains many differences to that of the courts in America. In less serious criminal trials, which contain 90% of criminal cases, the case is sent for a summary trial in 1 of over 400 magistrate courts. A summary trial is a trial with no committal and no jury. The trial is before a bench of magistrates. Most of the time there are three magistrates who are considered â€Å"lay† persons. This means that they are not professional judgesRead MoreThe American Court System And Criminal Justice System1750 Words   |  7 PagesThe System Each year, approximately ten-thousand people are convicted of crimes that they did not commit (Spring). Ten-thousand people that will never see their kids grow up, ten-thousand people that will miss out on life, ten-thousand people whose lives will never be the same. Men and women are on death row for decades, only to be exonerated after their execution. Where is the justice in that? Prisons are also overcrowded and according to political scientist David Hudson, America holds five percentRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System And The Court Room977 Words   |  4 Pagesnumerous information about the criminal justice system about the past two months. I want to point out that the prosecutor has the most power in court is the prosecutor and the court room is the key in the justice system. These new information gives me a closer look on how the criminal justice system works and make me question about what kind of flaws does the system have. In this work, I will compare and contrast my beli ef, where it change or not, about the criminal justice system before and after the newRead MoreDrug Courts And The Criminal Justice System1506 Words   |  7 PagesDrug courts are considered to be one of the most successful innovations to be implemented in the criminal justice system. It was first implemented during the height of the drug war hysteria and the long epidemic of the skyrocketing rates of incarceration. According to the Bureau of Justice Assistance (2010), drug courts are a â€Å"specially designed court docket, whose purpose is to achieve a reduction in recidivism and substance abuse among nonviolent substance abusing offenders and to increase theRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System and Courts in America973 Words   |  4 PagesDescribe a court and its purpose. Courts are established social, political, and judicial institutions necessary for the manifestation of justice and the maintenance of law and order. The courts are part of the judicial branch of government, as outlined in Article III of the United States Constitution. Courts are the arenas in which the law is tried and applied. Judges are the presiding officers of the court. The United States Supreme Court is the most fundamental court because has the authorityRead MoreCourt Report On Criminal Justice System Essay2461 Words   |  10 PagesCourt Report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of JUST-1100-W02 Criminal Justice System Process Fall 2016 by Kelsey Maynard Table of Contents Court Overview District Attorney’s Office Six-Member Jury Session Twelve-Member Jury Session Traffic Court Sessions Criminal Court Sessions Victim-Witness Assistance Program Conclusion 1 2 3 4 5 6-7 7 7-8 Court Overview Built during the summer of 2007, the new WorcesterRead MoreCriminal Justice System : Crime, Policing, Courts, And Corrections3651 Words   |  15 PagesThe analysis of a Criminal Justice System should take place in four sections: crime, policing, courts, and corrections. Crime occurs ubiquitously in the world; crime is so common that there is an entire profession made to study why crime occurs, there is also another profession meant to enforce the laws that define what is criminal. South Korea, like most other countries, has a common requirement to enter their criminal justice system: committing a crime is the first step in the process. The most

Describe the Four Ways That Transposition Is Controlled Free Essays

Uncontrolled transposition is deleterious to the cell and thus, the frequency of transposition is generally kept to a minimum by various regulatory mechanisms. Describe the FOUR ways that transposition is controlled. Transposition is the movement of a particular fragment of DNA from one part of a genome to another. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe the Four Ways That Transposition Is Controlled or any similar topic only for you Order Now A transposon is a segment of DNA which is capable of moving from a specific location on a DNA molecule to another location on the same or different molecule. For this reason, it is known as a â€Å"jumping element†. The recombination that takes place involves two unrelated sequences.This is unlike other homologous recombination events such as crossovers in meiosis and in transposition; there is a completely new arrangement of genes along the chromosome. A transposon could contain antibiotic resistance genes so that when it inserts itself into its target, it could confer resistance to the host. Transposons have therefore aided the development of plasmids which give multiple drug resistance to certain bacteria. Transposition can be both beneficial and hazardous to the host. Over time, transposons have led to genetic variability and evolution.This is due to their ability to generate mutations by insertion within a host’s genome. However, their insertion can lead to alterations in DNA arrangement such as cause deletions, inversions and chromosome fusions. For this reason, transposition can be deleterious. It is important to understand how the activity of transposable elements is regulated. Transposition activity must be limited so that there is little capacity to damage host DNA but still maintain advantageous features. For this to be achieved, a balance must be struck between too much transposition occurring and too little. This is known as the frequency of transposition. This essay will review the different types of regulatory mechanisms employed. A transposon element consists of three major regions. It contains a gene for transposase, insertion sequences (IS) and a coding region for proteins such as those which give antibiotic resistance. These multiple protein-coding regions lie in between the short, repeated sequences. Transposase employs the joining together of the transposon to the host’s genome through a cut and paste mechanism whereby the enzyme cleaves its transposon and splices its ends to the target sequence.This is known as conservative transposition. The insertion sequences can be direct or inverted repeats of DNA. Directionality is given for being on different ends of a transposon. Transposition occurs because of the insertion sequences in the terminals of the transposon and the transposase enzyme . Composite transposons are similar to simple transposons. Tn5 is an example of a composite transposon because it is flanked by two separate IS elements. Its structure is shown below in figure 1: Figure 1: Tn5 Transposon, adapted from Annual Review Microbiology, 47: 945-63, Reznikoff, 1993The Tn5 encodes two proteins, the transposase enzyme with a related protein and the transposition inhibitor. Since transposons are defined by the specific sequence at its ends, changes in any base pair within these sequences can typically reduce the frequency of and in some cases, completely inhibit transposition. The abundance of the inhibitor is one means of determining the frequency of its transposition. The synthesis of the two proteins that Tn5 codes for is regulated by a set of genetic regulatory elements.The proteins that the host encodes also play a crucial role in the transposition process. The host DNA methylation function also plays a part in controlling transposition because the expression of transposase is sensitive to DNA methylation. The transposase enzyme is highly unstable and in any case, cannot accumulate to very high levels in the cell. This in itself is a self-regulatory mechanism. The expression of transposase is also controlled during translation. This is done by blocking ribosome docking so that transposase translation is minimised.This is mainly seen to occur in Tn10 however. There are therefore many ways in regulating transposition. Most of the above regulatory mechanisms occur in Tn5 except at the translation level, which has seen to occur in Tn10 (Reznikoff, 1993). Mobility of bacterial transposons is usually regulated to approximately 10-3 to 10-8 transpositions per element per bacterial generation (Horak amp; Kivisaar, 1999). The main factor affecting the rate of transposition is the amount of active transposase enzyme available.Without transposase, the transposon would not be able to insert itself into a host’s genome. The mechanisms described briefly above are down-regulatory and must operate frequently at different points of transposase expression to ensure precise control. In the absence of any control mechanisms, the number of transposon copies per cell would increase continuously over time. There are therefore means by which the rate of transposition per copy is reduced as the number of transposon copies rises. The Tn5 contains two nearly identical sequences, IS50R and IS50L.The IS50R is a fully functional transposable element coding for the transposase (Tnp), but the IS50L contains a codon which results in the synthesis of inactive proteins. Therefore, the transposon has two opposing activities. In this way, the Tnp can inhibit the activity of other Tnp molecules. The Tnp, binds to the OE and IE end sequences (see diagram). The IS50R also encodes another protein and this is the inhibitor (Inh). The expression of this inhibitor causes it to bind to the transposase molecule and prevent post-cleavage events. Unlike Tnp, the Inh lacks the N-terminal 55 amino acids.Its function in trans is to inhibit transposition. As well as the activities of both Tnp and Inh, their relative abundance plays a major role in regulating the frequency of transposition (Sasakawa et al, 1982). As the number of Tn5 increases, the concentration of trans-acting Inh increases so as to stop further transposition. However, the amount of cis-acting Tnp remains constant. Transposase is preferentially cis acting. It is now known that there are promoters which program Tnp and Inh syntheses. There is also regulation of these key promoters. The level of transposase is limited primarily by gene translation.This has seen to occur in IS10, IS50, Tn3 and IS903. The translation of mRNAS of the transposases of the IS10 and IS30 regions are inhibited by anti-sense RNAs. This RNA is encoded from a promoter that generates a transcript called â€Å"RNA-OUT† which is complementary to the 5’ end of the transposase mRNA (Nagy amp; Chandler, 2004). The anti-sense RNA pairs with the 5’ end of this mRNA and this blocks ribosome binding. Therefore, translation cannot occur. The anti-sense RNA is a stem-loop structure and pairing is initiated by an interaction between G and C residues at the 5’ end of the mRNA and the top of the loop.Since the anti-sense RNA is tenfold more abundant than the mRNA of transposase, it is more stable so that transposase translation is greatly reduced. In IS10, translation is further reduced due to fold-back inhibition. This is when a region of transposase mRNA pairs with and stops the functioning of the upstream ribosome binding site (Kleckner, 1990). Dam DNA methylation down-regulates the synthesis of Tnp. The bacterial DNA adenine methyltransferase is a product of the dam gene which methylates the N-6 position of adenine on both strands of the DNA symmetrical sequence.IS10, IS50 and IS903 carry the GATC methylation sites in their transposase promoter regions. By methylating these sites, the transposase is inhibited from binding to the IE. A fully methylated transposase promoter does not allow the binding of RNA polymerase yet a hemi-methylated promoter permits this binding. Hemimethylated DNA is generated whenever a methylated GATC site is replicated. The GATC sites are placed strategically in the transposase gene promoter region at one end of the element and in the transposase binding site at the other. Therefore, methylation at these locations affects both transposase gene expression and the transposition process. When these sites hemimethylated, there is an increase in activity of the promoters and hence transposition (Kleckner, 1990). The means by which transposition is controlled were packaged into four fundamental methods. These were the effects of dam methylation, translational regulation, transposase inhibitors and the way in which transposase may be able to self-regulate. There are many more ways in which transposition is regulated.Most of the regulations described above are due to controlling the level of transposase expression as this is the enzyme which allows the transposition mechanics to occur. Other means of regulation are due to the intervention of host protein factors. Again, these directly influence transposase activity and therefore affect the frequency of transposition.References: Alberts, B. , Johnson, A. , Lewis, J. , Raff, M. , Roberts, K. , and Walter, P. (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fourth edn (London, Garland Science). Horak, R. , and Kivisaar, M. (1999). Regulation of the transposase of Tn4652 by the transposon-encoded protein TnpC†. Journal of Bacteriology, p 6312-6318, Vol 18, No. 20. Kleckner, N. (1990). â€Å"Regulation of transposition in bacteria†. Annu. Rev. Cell Bio (6): 297-327. Nagy, Z. , and Chandler, M. (2004). â€Å"Regulation of transposition in bacteria†. Research in Microbiology (155): 387-398. Reznikoff, W. S. (1993). â€Å"The Tn5 Transposon†. Annu. Rev. Microbiol (47): 945-63. Sasakawa, C. , John, B. , McDivitt, L. , and Berg, D. E. (1982). â€Å"Control of transposon Tn5 transposition in Escherichia coli†. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, p 7450-7454, Vol. 79. How to cite Describe the Four Ways That Transposition Is Controlled, Papers

Description The News Story of Samsung †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Description The News Story of Samsung. Answer: Introduction Human resource management (HRM) is a formal function used in an organization for managing the employees and their performance towards achieving desired organizational success (Albrecht et al., 2015). Human resources are considered to the most valuable organizational assets for getting organizational success (Shahzadi et al., 2014). This study will discuss the human resource issues in Samsung. The news story chosen in this study has revealed the reward system issues residing within Samsung. Moreover, the study will identify the human resource issues of the news story in respect to Samsung. The issues of the news story will also be aligned with relevant theories of human resource management. Apart from that, the study will provide appropriate solution to Samsung for reducing their issues of human resource management. Description of News Story The news story of Samsung is based on the matter of providing maximum reward to the employees of mobile division despite of their poor performance. As per the news story, Samsung typically does not pay so adequately and fantastically. Moreover, the organization supplements the base salary of the employees with their annual salary. Samsung usually provides bonus of 50% of employees salary and it is usually paid on exceeding the internal profit of each division (Android Authority, 2016). However, this news story has revealed that the employees of Samsungs mobile division are getting maximum bonus despite of the poor performance of the division. As per the management executives, the employees are getting maximum bonus for their sincere contribution in keeping the division running in spite of various challenges. Moreover, the management executives of Samsung provided maximum bonus to the employees of mobile employees for preventing mass exodus of employees (Android Authority, 2016). The rise of cheap Chinese vendors has become an extreme challenge for the mobile division of the Samsung. Such challenge has also reduced the profit level of the organization. The employees of this division still got maximum bonus despite of its less earnings. In such situation, the maximum bonus to the mobile division employees has been a bitter pill to swallow for the employees of other divisions of Samsung. Moreover, the employees of Samsungs Electronic have not been treated so favorably. Furthermore, the employees of Samsungs battery division have got just 3% bonus because of their poor performance through the year 2015 (Android Authority, 2016). Such discrimination of bonus distribution can reduce the motivation of the employees from other divisions of Samsung. Such lack of proper reward to the employees of other division can also influence on the performance level of those employees and their retention trends. Cost cutting is another issue for Samsungs employees, where the orga nization has earned increased profit through reducing the salary structure of the employees (Android Authority, 2016). Such cost cutting can also lower the morale of the existing employees and lead them to seek better job opportunities in other organizations having better job security. Identification of Problem and Theoretical Perspective Inadequate Pay Structure From the news story, it has been revealed that Samsung does not pay fantastically to its employees. The organization supplements the base salary of the employees with their annual rewards. Such inadequate salary structure has reduced the motivation level of the employees. According to Jackson et al. (2014), as per the equity theory of pay structure, the employees always compare the fairness of their pay structure with those of employees in other organizations in the same industry. However, in this case, the pay structure is not just as per the equity theory, as the employees are getting quite less salary as compared to other organizations (Anitha, 2014). Moreover, the statement of one official of Samsung in this news story has revealed the adequate pay structure of the employees. In this statement, the official has declared that Samsung should try to motivate their employees through proper compensation. On the other hand, Cerasoli et al. (2014) opined that Maslows theory of motivatio n suggest adequate pay as the basic and physiological needs of the employees. As per this theory, Samsung is not even fulfilling the basics needs of the employees. Hence, the employees are highly de-motivated to perform better and seeking to leave the organization for getting better job opportunities. Lack of Proper Reward Structure Samsung is more likely supplement the basic salary of the employees with their annual bonuses. It means that the reward structure of the organization is not fair enough and not as per the actual reward system. The organization has no intension to improve the performance level of the employees for their poor performance (Bhuvanaiah Raya, 2015). Moreover, it is more likely to penalize the employees for their poor performance through reducing their annual bonuses. However, the mobile division of the organization is not following this trend of bonus distribution, where the employees in this division are getting maximum bonuses despite of poor performance (Alagaraja Shuck, 2015). As per Malik et al., (2015), the distributive justice theory suggests distribution of rewards as per the contribution level of the employees. However, in this case, apart from the employees of mobile division, all other employees are getting less reward because of their poor performance. They are not being provided adequate rewards despite of their sincere contribution in keeping up the business (Van De Voorde Beijer, 2015). Hence, such employees are getting high de-motivated and the organization is facing challenges for retaining such employees. On the other hand, Bradler et al. (2016) opined that Hertzbergs Two Factor Theory suggests that rewards act as the motivators for the employees towards better performance. However, in this case, the employees of Samsung are not getting proper rewards for their sincere contribution, which is actually hampering their motivation level (Nica, 2016). Hence, it would be extremely difficult for Samsung to retain sincere employees in long run for g etting sustainable business profit. Discrimination among Divisions The news story of Samsung is clearly indicating that the organization is discriminating among different divisions in terms of providing bonuses. In has been found that the employees of mobile division are getting maximum bonuses despite of their poor performance. However, the employees of other division are getting very less bonuses for their poor performance. Such discrimination of bonuses is creating disruption of employee relation among the employees of different division (Yoon et al., 2015). Such clashing employee relation can hamper the willingness of the employees towards staying in the organization for longer period. As per the theory of ProMES (Productivity Measurement and Enhancement System) theory of performance appraisal system, the employees are get paid on the basis of the overall performance level of organization as a team (Nyberg et al., 2016). However, the organization is not providing bonuses to the employees as per the overall performance level of the organization. Such ineffective performance appraisal system is actually hampering the performance level of the employees on other divisions. Cost Cutting Issue As per the financial report of Q4, 2015, Samsung earned 15% increased profit from their previous earning volume. The reason behind such increased profit level was cost cutting, where the organization has reduced the pay structure of the employees (Boxall Macky, 2014). Such cost cutting system of the organization was quite frustrating for the employees, which hampered the performance level of those employees. Moreover, De Gieter and Hofmans (2015) stated that the cost cutting system is just ineffective against employee motivation as per procedural justice of compensation. The organization is not fair enough in their method to determine the contribution level of the employees apart from the employees of mobile division. Hence, the organization can face extreme challenge in managing the performance level of the employees and retaining them for longer period. Practical Solution for Future: Competitive Salary Structure As per the news story, the pay structure of Samsung is not attractive enough for motivating the employees. Hence, the employees are more inclined to seek for better job opportunities in other organizations, which are providing competitive pay structure. In such situation, Samsung should immediately set competitive salary structure for the employees. Such competitive salary structure would competently meet the physiological needs of the employees. Moreover, the organization would be able to retain the talented employees for longer period for long term organizational success through competitive salary package. Moreover, competitive salary package would also encourage the employees towards high level of performance for organizational success. Fair Reward Structure It has been found that Samsung does not provide adequate reward to the employees. The employees of mobile division are getting maximum bonuses despite of their poor performance. However, the employees of other divisions like consumer electronic and battery division are getting very less bonuses as per their low performance level. The organization is more inclined to penalize the employees for their poor performance through providing very less bonus. However, such reduced bonuses are actually hampering the retaining rate and performance level of the employees in Samsung. Hence, the organization should provide adequate reward to the employees for respecting their sincere contribution just like mobile division towards keeping up the business. It will help the organization in long run towards long term retention of the employees and their increased performance level. It will give the hope to the organization to keep up the business despite of several challenges in the market. Equal Bonus Pay From the news story, it can be seen that Samsung is discriminating among the employees from different divisions. It has been found that the employees of mobile division are getting maximum bonuses despite of their poor performance. However, the employees from other divisions are getting little bonuses for their poor performance. Such situation is indicating discrimination of rewards system among the employees. Moreover, the organization has no clear structure for providing rewards to the employees. It is actually creating clashing employee relation among the employees, which is de-motivating the employees through hindering their performance level. Hence, the organization should immediately initiate equal bonus system, where the employees of each division would get equal bonuses as per overall profit of the organization. It would definitely reduce the clashing relation among the employees from different divisions, which would ultimately enhance their performance level. Effective Performance Appraisal The new story of Samsung suggests that apart from mobile division, most of other divisions are more likely to penalize the employees as per their poor performance level. However, such penalize system is actually disrespecting the sincere contribution of the employees despite of different challenges. Moreover, the organization has no intension to improve the performance level of the employees through enhancing their skills and knowledge level. In this way, motivation level of the employees is getting down gradually and they are being more inclined towards leaving their current jobs. In such situation, despite of cost cutting, the organization should arrange proper training and employee development programs for improving their performance level. Such training and development program would definitely encourage the employee towards working hard for organizational success. Hence, training and development program would help the organization to enhance the performance level of the employees and retain them for longer period. Conclusion While concluding the study, it can be said that Samsung is providing maximum bonus to the employees of mobile division despite of their poor performance. However, the employees from other divisions are getting less amount of bonus because of their poor performance level. In this way, such discrimination of bonuses is creating clashing relationship among the employees from different divisions. Such clashing employee relationship is actually hampering the performance level of the employees. Apart from that, Samsung does not provide competent salary to the employees. Hence, the employees are more inclined to leave their current job, which may create challenge for the organization towards retaining the employees. Hence, the organization should distribute annual bonuses to the employees of different divisions equally. It would reduce the clashing relationship of the employees, which can help them in concentrating in their work for increasing their performance level. On the other hand, the organization should also increase the compensation package for the employees, which will encourage them to stay in the organization for longer period. References Alagaraja, M., Shuck, B. (2015). Exploring organizational alignment-employee engagement linkages and impact on individual performance: A conceptual model.Human Resource Development Review,14(1), 17-37. Albrecht, S. L., Bakker, A. B., Gruman, J. A., Macey, W. H., Saks, A. M. (2015). Employee engagement, human resource management practices and competitive advantage: An integrated approach.Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance,2(1), 7-35. Android Authority. (2016).Android Authority. Retrieved 6 February 2018, from https://www.androidauthority.com/samsung-rewards-mobile-division-employees-669904/ Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International journal of productivity and performance management,63(3), 308. Bhuvanaiah, T., Raya, R. P. (2015). Mechanism of improved performance: Intrinsic motivation and employee engagement.SCMS Journal of Indian Management,12(4), 92. Boxall, P., Macky, K. (2014). High-involvement work processes, work intensification and employee well-being.Work, employment and society,28(6), 963-984. Bradler, C., Dur, R., Neckermann, S., Non, A. (2016). Employee recognition and performance: A field experiment.Management Science,62(11), 3085-3099. Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., Ford, M. T. (2014). Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis.Psychological bulletin,140(4), 980. De Gieter, S., Hofmans, J. (2015). How reward satisfaction affects employees turnover intentions and performance: an individual differences approach.Human Resource Management Journal,25(2), 200-216. Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S., Jiang, K. (2014). An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management.The Academy of Management Annals,8(1), 1-56. Malik, M. A. R., Butt, A. N., Choi, J. N. (2015). Rewards and employee creative performance: Moderating effects of creative self?efficacy, reward importance, and locus of control.Journal of Organizational Behavior,36(1), 59-74. Nica, E. (2016). The effect of perceived organizational support on organizational commitment and employee performance.Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics,4(4), 34-40. Nyberg, A. J., Pieper, J. R., Trevor, C. O. (2016). Pay-for-performances effect on future employee performance: Integrating psychological and economic principles toward a contingency perspective.Journal of Management,42(7), 1753-1783. Shahzadi, I., Javed, A., Pirzada, S. S., Nasreen, S., Khanam, F. (2014). Impact of employee motivation on employee performance.European Journal of Business and Management,6(23), 159-166. Van De Voorde, K., Beijer, S. (2015). The role of employee HR attributions in the relationship between high?performance work systems and employee outcomes.Human Resource Management Journal,25(1), 62-78. Yoon, H. J., Sung, S. Y., Choi, J. N. (2015). Mechanisms underlying creative performance: Employee perceptions of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards for creativity.Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal,43(7), 1161-1179.